Term
| What does cognition involve? |
|
Definition
Perception
Attention
Memory
Representation of knowledge
Language
Problem Solving
Reasoning and decision making |
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Term
| Who was the first cognitive psychologist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What experiment did Donders conducts? |
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Definition
Reaction time: Measures interval between stimulus
presentation and person’s response to
stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Measuring how long a cognitive process
takes |
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Term
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Definition
| Reacting to the presence or absence of a single stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reacting to one of two or more stimuli (takes longer than simple RT) |
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Term
| Why is Donders experiment important? |
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Definition
| It was the first cognitive psychology experiment and because it illustrates mental responses. Mental responses must be inferred. |
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Term
| What was Ebbinghaus interested in? |
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Definition
| Determining the nature of memory and forgetting-specifically how information that is learned is lost over time. |
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Term
| What did Ebbinghaus do in his experiment on himself? |
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Definition
Read list of nonsense syllables aloud many
times to determine number of repetitions necessary to repeat list without errors.After some time, he relearned the list |
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Term
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Definition
| Calculating the savings by subtracting the number of trials needed to learn the list after a delay from the number of trials it took to learn the list the first time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Savings=[(initials repetitions)-(relearning repetitions/Initial repetitions] X 100 |
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Term
| What Ebbinghaus find in his savings? |
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Definition
| The savings were greater for short intervals than for long. |
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Term
| Who found the first psychology laboratory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience the structuralists called sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique in which tained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli. |
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Term
| What approach did John Watson find? |
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Definition
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Term
| What problems did Watson find with analytic introspection? |
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Definition
| 1. It produced extremely variable results from person to person and 2. these results were difficult to verify because they were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes. |
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Term
| What was Watsons most famous experiments? |
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Definition
| "Little Albert experiemnt" in which Watson subjected a 9-month-old-boy to a loud noise every time a rat came close to the child. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in which pairing a neutal stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response. |
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Term
| What was the outcome of the Little Albert experiment? |
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Definition
| Behavior can be analyzed without reference to the mind. |
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Term
| What did Skinner introduce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as shock or social rejection. |
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Term
| What did Skinner argue about language acquisition? |
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Definition
Argued children learn language through
operant conditioning. They imitate speech that they hear and correct speech is rewarded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Argued children do not only learn language through imitation and reinforcement. Children say things they have never heard and cannot be imitating. They things that are incorrect and cannot be rewarded for. |
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Term
| What is the conclusion of Chomsky's argument? |
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Definition
Language must be determined by inborn
biological program |
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Term
| What did Tolman believe after his rat maze experiment? |
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Definition
| Tolman believed that the rats had created a cognitive map of the maze and were navigating to a specific arm |
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Term
| To understand complex cognitive behaviors, one must |
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Definition
1.Measure observable behavior
2.Make inferences about underlying
cognitive activity
3.Consider what this behavior says about how the mind works |
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Term
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Definition
| Shift from behaviorist’s stimulus-response relationships to an approach that attempts to explain behavior in terms of the mind |
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Term
| Information-processing approach |
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Definition
A way to study the mind created from
insights associated with the digital
computer |
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Term
| What did early computers do? |
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Definition
| Processed information in stages; led psychologists to question if the human mind works in stages as well. |
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Term
| What was Cherry's experiment? |
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Definition
| Participants were presented with two messages simultaneously, one to the left ear and one to the right ear and were told to focus on their attention on one of the messages and to ignore the other one. |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear. |
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Term
| What was the result of Cherry's experiment? |
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Definition
| Participants were able to focus only on the message they were shadowing |
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Term
| What did David Broadbent propose? |
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Definition
| The first flow diagram of the mind. This was the first to depict the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages. |
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Term
________ information does not pass
through the filter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| measures relationship between physiology and behavior |
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Term
| Artificial Intelligence approach |
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Definition
| Making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving. |
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Term
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Definition
| Computer program devised by Alan Newell and Herbert Simon that was able to solve logic problems. |
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Term
| Memory from ________ is fragile. |
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Definition
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Term
If ________ is disrupted, recent memories
can fail to be consolidated |
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Definition
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|
Term
________can interfere with memory
consolidation |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that communicate with the next neuron |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
contains mechanisms responsible
for most of our cognitive functions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Primary receiving area for vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for skin senses such as tough, temperature and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for taste and smell on the underside |
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Term
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Definition
| Reveives signals fom all of the senses and plays an important role in perceptions that involve coordination of information received through two or more senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize faces. They can tell that a face is a face but cant tell WHOSE face it is. |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| Measures blood flow by injecting a low dose of radioactive tracer into the blood stream. The brain is then scanned by the PET apparatus, which measures the signal from the tracer at each location in the brain. |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Damage to what causes prosopagnosia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Extrastriate body area respond to? |
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Definition
pictures of bodies and parts of
bodies |
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Term
| What does Parahippocampal place area respond to? |
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Definition
| specifically to places (indoor/outdoor scenes) |
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Term
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Definition
| An area specialized for a specific function. |
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Term
| Language production is impaired by damage to |
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Definition
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Term
Language comprehension is impaired by
damage to |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the method event-related potential (ERP) do? |
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Definition
| It records rapid electrical responses of the human brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific functions are processed by many different areas in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that respond best to bars of light of a particular orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that respond best to an oriented bar of light with a specific length |
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Term
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Definition
| Representation of a specific stimulus by firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to just respond to a specific stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Representation by a pattern of firing across a number of neurons |
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Term
| What process starts with stimulation of the receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ processing suggests that we attend to or perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you're the type of person who understands concepts and ideas by starting with the details and then working your way up to the main idea of overall concept, then you're a __________ processor. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________processing states that we form perceptions (or focus our attention) by starting with the larger concept or idea. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you're the type of person who learns new ideas and concepts (or forms impressions) by starting first with the high-level aspects and then working your way down to the fine details, then you're a _______ processor. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Perceptual building blocks that can be combined to create objects. |
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Term
| What is recognition-by-components theory? |
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Definition
| We perceive objects by perceiving elementary features. |
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Term
| ________ processing involves prior knowledge or expectations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| We tend to perceive objects as remaining the same size even when they move to different distances. |
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Term
| In the case of sniffing flowers, what does the perceptual system take into account when a person is perceiving odor intensity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is speech segmentation? |
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Definition
| Being able to tell when one word ends and the next one begins. |
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Term
| Perception depends on ________. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is theory of unconscious inference? |
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Definition
| Some of our perceptions are the results of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment. |
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Term
| What is the likelihood principle? |
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Definition
| We perceive the object that is MOST LIKELY to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. |
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Term
| What is perceptual organization? |
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Definition
| The way elements are grouped together to create larger objects. |
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Term
| What is law of good continuation? |
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Definition
| Points that when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting information from senses |
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Term
| What are the direct perception theories? |
|
Definition
– Bottom-up processing
– Perception comes from stimuli in the environment
– Parts are identified and put together, and then recognition
occurs |
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Term
| What are the Constructive perception theories? |
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Definition
Top-down processing
– People actively construct perceptions using information
based on expectations |
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Term
| What is Discriminability? |
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Definition
| geons can be distinguished from other geons from almost all viewpoints |
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Term
| What is the law of similarity? |
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Definition
| Similar things appear to be grouped together. (both objects are the same color, it is likely they are part of the same object) |
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Term
| What is the law of familiarity? |
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Definition
| Things that form patterns that are familiar or meaningful are likely to be grouped together. |
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Term
| What is the Law of proximity? |
|
Definition
Things near each other appear grouped
together |
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|
Term
| What is the Law of common fate? |
|
Definition
Things moving in the same direction
appear to be grouped together |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rules of thumb that provide a best-guess solution to a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem. (addition,subtraction,and long division) |
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Term
| Are Gestalts principles heuristics or algorithm? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the Light-from-above heuristic? |
|
Definition
We perceive shadows as specific
information about depth and distance |
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Term
| What is the Occlusion heuristic? |
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Definition
When object is partially covered by a
smaller occluding object, the larger one is seen as continuing behind the smaller occluder |
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Term
| What are physical regularities? |
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Definition
| Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. (More vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than angled orientations) |
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Term
| What is the oblique effect? |
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Definition
| People can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations. |
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Term
| What are semantic regularities? |
|
Definition
| The characteristics associated with thee functions carried out in different types of scenes. |
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Term
| What is Experience-dependent plasticity? |
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Definition
| A mechanism that causes an organisms neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed. |
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Term
| What was Blakemore & Cooper's experiment? |
|
Definition
– Kittens raised in horizontal or vertical environment
– Neurons develop to respond best to that direction |
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Term
| What helps us perceives objects in the environment more accurately? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you are trying to understand a complex system, you can logically deduce conclusions from _________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the brain ablation technique do? |
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Definition
| Removes part of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Studying the behavior of people with brain damage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that respond the same way when actually performing an act and when observing someone else perform the act |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations |
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Term
| What is selective attention? |
|
Definition
| The focusing of attention on one specific location, object, or message. |
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Term
| What is divided attention? |
|
Definition
| Attending to two or more things at once. |
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Term
We use _______ attention when we do not attend to a large fraction of the
information in the environment |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Acts on incoming information, keeping some information out and letting some information in for further processing. |
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Term
| What is dichotic listening? |
|
Definition
One message is presented to the left ear and
another to the right ear |
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Term
| What are the results of the dichotic listening experiment? |
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Definition
Participants could not report the content of
the message in unattended ear
– Knew that there was a message
– Knew the gender of the speaker |
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Term
| How is the unattended ear in the dichotic experiment being processed? |
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Definition
– Cocktail party effect
– Change in gender is noticed
– Change to a tone is noticed |
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Term
| What are the stages in the early selection model? |
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Definition
| Message->Sensory memory->filter ->detector->to memory |
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Term
| What is the bottleneck model? |
|
Definition
| Model of attention that proposes that incoming information is restricted at some point in processing, so only a portion of the information gets through to consciousness. |
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Term
| What could Broadbents model not explain? |
|
Definition
Participants name could get through,Participants can shadow meaningful messages that switch from one ear to another, Effects of practice on detecting information in
unattended ear
– You can be trained to detect in unattended ear
– Based on the meaning of the message |
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Term
| Treismans attenuation theory of attention is unique because |
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Definition
| Language and meaning can also be used to separate the messages. |
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Term
| What is the dictionary unit? |
|
Definition
| It contains stored words, each of which has a threshold for being activated. |
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Term
| A _____ is the smallest signal strength that can barely be detected. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the late selection model? |
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Definition
| Most of the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be processed is selected. |
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Term
|
Definition
how much of a person’s cognitive
resources are used to accomplish a task |
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Term
| What does the Attenuator do? |
|
Definition
| Analyzes incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning |
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Term
| Words that are common or important have _____ thresholds |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Uncommon words have _____ thresholds |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do high-load tasks do? |
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Definition
| Tasks that are difficult and perhaps not as well practiced use more of a persons cognitive resources. |
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Term
| What do low-load tasks do? |
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Definition
| Tasks that are especially easy, well-practiced ones, only use a small amount of the persons cognitive resources. |
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Term
| What is the flanker compatibility task? |
|
Definition
| A task in which participants are told to carry out a task that requires them to focus their attention on specific stimuli and to ignore other stimuli. |
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Term
| What is a Low-load condition in the flanker compatibility task? |
|
Definition
one potential target
– Reaction time is longer for incompatible distractors
– Participant still had resources available to process
additional information |
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Term
| What is high-load condition in the flanker compatibility task? |
|
Definition
type of distractor does
not affect reaction time
– Participants use all resources
– No resources to process the distractor |
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Term
| What is the stroop effect? |
|
Definition
– Name of the word interferes with the ability to
name the ink color
– Cannot avoid paying attention to the meanings of
the words |
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|
Term
| What is the Consistent mapping condition |
|
Definition
target would
be numbers, and distractors would be letters |
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Term
| _________ processing occurs without intention and only uses some of a person’s cognitive resources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Controlled processing? |
|
Definition
| Processing that involves close attention at all times |
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|
Term
| What is the varied mapping condition? |
|
Definition
| The rules keep changing from trial to trial. |
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|
Term
| Performance was worse in the ______ mapping condition. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Risk of accident is _____ times higher when using a cell phone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inattentional blindness? |
|
Definition
| a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be looking directly at it |
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|
Term
| What is change blindness? |
|
Definition
| If shown two versions of a picture, differences between them are not immediately apparent |
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|
Term
| What is exogenous attention? |
|
Definition
| Automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus. |
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|
Term
| What is endogenous attention? |
|
Definition
| When you consciously decide to scan the environment , perhaps to find a specific stimulus or just to keep track of what is going on. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Places where the eyes briefly paused |
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|
Term
| What is saccadic eye movement? |
|
Definition
| Movements of the eye from one fixation to the next. |
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|
Term
| What is stimulus salience? |
|
Definition
| The physical properties of the stimulus, such as color, contrast, or movement. |
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|
Term
| Capturing attention by stimulus salience is a __________ process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An observers knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes. |
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Term
| _________ processing is associated with scene schema's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directing attention without moving the eyes |
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|
Term
| What is location-based attention? |
|
Definition
| How attention is directed to a specific location or place |
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|
Term
| What is object-based attention? |
|
Definition
| Attention that is directed to a specific object. |
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|
Term
| Participants respond _____ to a light at an expected location than at an unexpected location |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first stage of the Feature Integration Theory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The preattentive stage is |
|
Definition
Automatic
– No effort or attention
– Unaware of process
– Object analyzed into features |
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|
Term
| What is the second stage of the FIT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The focused attention stage is |
|
Definition
– Attention plays key role
– Features are combined |
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|
Term
| Attentional processing is distributed across |
|
Definition
| a large number of areas in the brain |
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