Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology Final
76
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
07/16/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Behaviorism
Definition
the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
A precise definition that specifies exactly how researchers will measure a concept.
Term
Perception
Definition
The use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by stimuli.
Term
AI
Definition
The branch of computer science that seeks too explore human cognitive processes by creating computer models that exhibit "intelligent" behavior.
Term
Cognitive Neuroscience
Definition
The field that examines how cognitive process can be explained by the structure and function of the brain.
Term
Top-down processing
Definition
The kind of cognitive processing that emphasizes the influence of concepts, expectations, and memory.
Term
Bottom-up processing
Definition
The kind of cognitive processing that emphasizes the importance of information from the stimuli registered on sensory receptors.
Term
Parallel processing
Definition
A type of information processing in which many signals are handled at the same time, as opposed to serial processing.
Term
Holistic processing
Definition
perceiving something as a whole, associated with processing in the right hemisphere. Impairments with this function are often seen with prosopagnosia. *
Term
Divided attention
Definition
the ability to distribute one's attention and simultaneously engage in two or more activities*
Term
Selective attention
Definition
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus*
Term
Working memory
Definition
The brief, immediate memory for material that is currently being processed; a portion of working memory also coordinates ongoing mental activities; working memory was previously called short-term memory.
Term
Episodic memory
Definition
People's memory for events that happened to them; the memories describe episodes in life.
Term
Semantics
Definition
The area of psycholinguistics that examines the meanings of words and sentences.
Term
Phonemics
Definition
The basic unit of spoken language.
Term
Pragmatics
Definition
The social rules that underlie language use. Pragmatics forces on how speakers successfully communicate messages to their audience.
Term
Syntax
Definition
The grammatical rules that govern how words can be organized into sentences.
Term
Discourse
Definition
Long passages of spoken and written language; language units that are larger than a sentence.
Term
Problem-solving
Definition
The use of strategies to reach a goal in which the solution is not immediately obvious because obstacles are blocking the path.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
A general problem-solving strategy that typically produces a correct solution.
Term
Framing effect
Definition
A phenomenon in which the outcome of a decision is influenced by either of two factors: 1) the background context of the choice or 2) the way in which a question is worded (framed).
Term
Errors in reasoning.
Definition
Overgeneralization - Incorrectly concluding
that your research conclusion(s) applies to
more than it does.

Selective observation - Choosing to look only
at things that are in accordance with our
preferences or beliefs.


Inaccurate observation
- E.g., thinking that 5 people are standing on a
street when there are actually 7*
Term
What are word boundaries and what does the research show? ( chpt2)
Definition
Hearing a conversation in an unfamiliar language and it seems the words run together in a continuous stream, with no boundaries of silence to seperate them,
Term
What are the different types of bilingualism? (chpt10)
Definition
Bilingual=a person who in everyday life uses two languages
Multiligual= refer to some who uses more than two languages.
Simlutaneous bilingualism= learning two languages at the same time.
Sequential bilengualism= has a native/first language and a nonnative/second language
Term
Which of the following statements best captures the scope of cognition?
Definition
We use cognition when we store, transform, and use knowledge.
Term
Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in elderly adults. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper?
Definition
Their ability to remember people’s names
Term
According to the introductory chapter in your textbook, the influence of cognitive psychology
Definition
has extended to areas outside psychology, such as political science
Term
Behaviorists and cognitive psychologists are most likely to agree on which of the following points?
Definition
Researchers need to have detailed definitions about how a concept will be measured.
Term
What is perception?
Definition
Perception uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses.
Term
The identification of a complex arrangement of sensory stimuli is known as
Definition
object recognition.
Term
According to the gestalt psychology approach to visual perception,
Definition
we tend to see well-organized patterns, rather than random-looking stimuli.
Term
The feature-analysis models
Definition
state that we differentiate among stimuli in terms of a limited number of specific characteristics.
Term
Neuroscience research has been conducted on the response of individual neurons to lines that have different orientations. The results of this research are most compatible with the _______________ approach to object recognition.
Definition
feature-analysis
Term
According to your textbook's introduction to Chapter 3, attention
Definition
uses both top-down and bottom-up processing.
Term
Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research about using a cell phone and paying attention while driving?
Definition
María Luisa: “If the traffic is heavy, talking on a hands-free cell phone can distract your attention.”
Term
Suppose that students at your college are participating in a dichotic listening task. Which of the following groups of students would be most likely to notice their names in the irrelevant message?
Definition
students with low working-memory capacity
Term
Imagine that your friend Pete has an intense fear of spiders. If he tries the emotional Stroop test, he would be most likely to
Definition
report the ink color slowly if the words were related to spiders.
Term
Suppose that you are looking for a dark-colored car in a row of parked cars. Eleven of them are light colored, and one is dark colored. The dark-colored car seems to pop out. In this example,
Definition
you are using bottom-up processing.
Term
Suppose that you are balancing your checkbook, and you are adding up five 2-digit numbers in your head. As you begin to calculate the final sum, you feel that you've reached the limits of your memory. This strain can be traced to
Definition
the difficulty of keeping all this material in your working memory.
Term
Suppose that a professor asks the students in her class to say their names out loud (one at a time) on the first day of class. Then she asks them to write down as many of their classmates’ names as they can recall. Then she constructs a graph that shows “Number of correct responses” on the Y-axis and “Serial position of the name” on the X-axis. The shape of the graph
Definition
will be a U-shaped line, with the greatest accuracy on the first and last items.
Term
Suppose that you are having trouble recalling the information for a question about Baddeley's theory because the information about Atkinson and Shiffrin's theory (which you learned earlier) keeps interfering. This phenomenon is called
Definition
proactive interference.
Term
How would you characterize Alan Baddeley's description of working memory?
Definition
It is a highly active area in which information is being manipulated and changed.
Term
Which of the following students has the best understanding of the concept “release from proactive interference”?
Definition
Tara: “As you learn a series of stimuli from the same category, memory will become less accurate; if you switch to a new category, memory will improve.”
Term
Which of the following statements about episodic and semantic memory is correct?
Definition
Episodic memory stores information about events in our lives.
Term
According to the levels-of-processing approach, the most effective way to learn a passage in a textbook is usually in terms of
Definition
its meaning
Term
Suppose you really want to remember the name of a Toronto restaurant called "Prego." You therefore think about how prego means please in Italian, and you also think about the brand name of a popular spaghetti sauce. According to the levels-of-processing approach, you would probably recall this word correctly because you learned it by emphasizing
Definition
elaboration.
Term
What can we conclude about the research on the encoding specificity principle?
Definition
Context effects can sometimes be demonstrated, but the effect is relatively weak in laboratory research.
Term
Research on expertise in memory indicates that
Definition
experts are usually accurate in reconstructing missing parts of information from material that they partially remember.
Term
The term metacognition refers to
Definition
our thoughts and knowledge about our cognitive processes.
Term
If you used the multimodal approach to memory improvement, you would be most likely to
Definition
pay attention to your physical and mental condition, as well as working on a variety of mnemonic devices
Term
According to research on the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon,
Definition
you can guess the number of syllables and the first letter of the target word with considerable accuracy.
Term
How does mental imagery compare with perception?
Definition
Mental imagery relies exclusively on top-down processing.
Term
Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about analog codes and propositional codes for mental images?
Definition
Qing: “An analog code emphasizes the physical resemblance between a visual stimulus and a mental image.”
Term
Suppose that you and a group of other students want to conduct a study on mental rotation, using photographs of human faces. You find that people take longer to rotate a mental image, as the size of the rotation increases. Which approach do your data support?
Definition
The analog approach
Term
Suppose that you read in a cognitive psychology journal that an experiment's results could be explained by demand characteristics. An example of these demand characteristics might be that
Definition
the participants may have guessed the experimenter's hypothesis.
Term
Suppose that you are trying to draw a map showing part of the city or region you live in. Your map is likely to
Definition
show curves that are more symmetrical than they really are.
Term
Suppose that on your college campus Building A is east of Building B, but they aren't exactly in a straight row; one is 15 feet north of the other. The students' cognitive maps show them in a straight row, however. A likely explanation for this effect is
Definition
the alignment heuristic.
Term
The spatial framework model emphasizes that people are typically most accurate when judging
Definition
the above-below dimension
Term
The exemplar approach to concepts suggests that our categories are based on
Definition
less typical items, as well as highly typical items.
Term
You have learned that if you want to combine a noun such as girl with a verb such as run, the noun precedes the verb, and you must add an s to form girl runs. The rules that govern this kind of procedure are known as
Definition
syntax.
Term
The cognitive-functional approach to language emphasizes that
Definition
speakers use language skillfully, which helps listeners to pay attention to the most important part of a message.
Term
Imagine that you are reading a short story about two students named Chris and Freddie. As you read this story, you find that you are trying to figure out why Chris is avoiding Freddie, and how Freddie must feel about this avoidance. These cognitive efforts would be most consistent with which of the following views of reading?
Definition
the constructionist view
Term
Which of the following statements about language production is correct?
Definition
It is easier to conduct research on language comprehension than on language production.
Term
Suppose that you are telling a story. According to the research on narratives,
Definition
the organization of this kind of discourse generally has a fairly clear structure.
Term
The cognitive model of writing proposes that the central executive plays an important role when we write. Specifically, the central executive
Definition
integrates information from different components of working memory.
Term
Suppose that an elementary teacher has two classes, one monolingual and the other bilingual—though their other characteristics are similar. The bilingual class is more likely to
Definition
have a better understanding of the structure of their first language.
Term
Suppose you have a 22-year-old friend who came to North America from Korea when he was 14 and then began to learn English. If
Definition
he will eventually master English grammar as well as a Korean speaker who learned English as a 10-year-old child as long as they both have the same amount of U.S. education.
Term
In problem solving, the term obstacles refers to
Definition
restrictions that are encountered in problem solving.
Term
Suppose that you have an assignment to write a review of the literature on a topic in cognitive psychology. If you used means-ends analysis, you would begin by
Definition
breaking the problem into parts (e.g., select a topic, locate resources, etc.) and then solve each part.
Term
Here is a reasoning problem: If Mary is a psychology major at your college, then she must take statistics. Mary graduates from your college without taking statistics. Therefore, Mary is not a psychology major. What kind of problem is this?
Definition
conditional reasoning problem
Term
Heuristics in decision making
Definition
may become a liability when they are applied inappropriately.
Term
A family has three children, all of whom are boys. Everyone predicts that their next child will be a girl. Which heuristic does this demonstrate?
Definition
representativeness
Term
When people commit the base-rate fallacy, they frequently
Definition
pay too much attention to the likelihood ratio.
Term
Dr. Anna Smith is a psychiatrist. She just heard about someone who had a bad reaction to a medication. She knows that this medication has worked well with many of her clients who have experienced depression. With respect to decision-making heuristics, she should be concerned that her future decisions about this medication might be influenced by
Definition
the tendency for recency to influence availability.
Term
A friend tells you that drama majors tend to be extremely disorganized. However, when you actually make a tally of 10 friends who are drama majors and 20 friends who are not, you find no relationship. Your friend's error was an example of
Definition
an illusory correlation.
Term
The research on the framing effect suggests that
Definition
we are influenced by the wording of a question and the background information.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!