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there is no such thing
- no sensation without interpretation -> there is ALWAYS perception |
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- taste begins when chemicals dissolve in saliva in your mouth
- flavor adds the contribution of smell, hot ("chili"), and cool ("menthol"), and texture (detected by touch receptors in the mouth) |
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| There are 5 basic tastes: |
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Definition
| sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
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| Sensation is detected by _________ sensors (also in your skin) |
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Definition
| TRP ( Transient Recpetor Protein) |
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| Salty and Sweet are important for ______. |
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| Sour warns us ______ to eat something |
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| Bitter is the taste of _______ |
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Japanese for "tasty/savory".
- detection of the carboxylate aniox of glutamic acid, is naturally occuring amino acid common in meats, cheeses, etc.
- Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
- Chinese Restaurant Syndrome ---> medical condition; symptoms that can be experienced after eating chinese food; may be caused by sensitivity to MSG. |
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| What two papillae have multiple taste buds? |
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Definition
| circumvalle papillae and foliate papillae |
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| Which papillae has a single taste bud but several hundred of them? |
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- located in papillae
- contains 50 - 150 taste receptor cells |
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| taste recceptor bumps (have taste buds) |
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| extend microvilli (cilia) into the taste pore to contact tastents ( what we want to taste) |
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| unlike other sensory cells, taste cells are replaced after ___ - ____ days. |
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| There are ______ processes for transducing each basic taste. |
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| Salty and Sour substances send ions through _______________. |
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| sodium (NA+) ions are transported across taste cell membranes; sodium ion channels are open all the time |
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all acids taste sour because they release hydrogen ions (H+)
- hydrogen ions bind with the receptors, causing potassium (K+) channels to close. Potassium cannot leave the cell and the membrane potential depolarizes. |
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Definition
- need G-Protein-coupled receptors. ----> a cascade of intracellular events.
- lock to the outside of the cell, change shape = changes happen int he cell --> do not enter taste buds = metabotropic |
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| detected by heterodimer (combination) of 2 T1R receptors ---> sugar and splendas are different shapes = bind to various sites on receptors. |
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| detected by T2R receptors --> each bitter taste cell produces most types of the bitter eceptors. High Sensitivity = signal toxicity! |
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| a meaty - savory flavor (Protein) --> detected by a type of metabotropic receptor for all 20 dietary amino acids |
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| Process (picture in notes) |
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Definition
| taste receptors (mouth) --> cranial nerves (VII, IX, X) --> Gustatory Nucleus (Medulla) --> VPM Nucleus of the thalamus (Thalamus) --> Gustatory Cortex (Cortex - forebrain). |
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| Taste id an ______ pathway. |
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Definition
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| Frontal Cortex is responsible for the... |
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Definition
| preferance of food = "like" / "dislike" |
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| Conditioned Taste Aversion |
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Definition
if a taste causes you to become sick, it will later be avoided --> important for omnivores ( could take hours to feel sick, but same affect)
- study done on lab rats
- the taste trace = in the insula --> injecting memory blockers there prevents conditioning. |
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- born liking sweet / avoiding sour or bitter
- hot taste sensation ("chili") are often rejected initially
- acquired bitter tastes = coffee, soda-water, alcohol
- preferance for salty tastes appears at around 4 months of age
- taste sensitivity --> important for omnivores
- artifical sweeteners can be 100,000x sweeter than real sugar! |
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- adding an electon = negative charge
- subtracting an electron = positive charge |
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| ___ enters cell, _____ binds outside and closes the cell |
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| ______ comes from intracellular fluid |
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| turning something in the physical world into information ( done by cells in numerous systems --> ex: taste) |
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| Solitary Tract and its nucleus |
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| Structure = ______ / Function = _______ |
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| medulla ---> ________ ---> insula |
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| Evolution, evoke memories |
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adaptive importance
-predators and another member of the same species ("conspecifics")/Reproduction |
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Definition
| if you lose sense of smell, you may go into depression because you lose your sense of memory |
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| We don't have the vocabulary words to describe what we smell which in turn makes the experience of smell ______ |
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| to be able to smell something, it has to be _________ |
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| volatile (molecules drift and float in the air) |
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| we smell ____ (soluble) and organic things best.. but we can't smell everything |
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| the inability to smell; often the cribriform bone is at fault |
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| the part of the nose that smells |
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| Curved surfaces in the nasal cavity, called ___________, direct air flow. |
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Definition
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| 3 types of cells in the Olfactory Epithelium ( in the nose) |
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Definition
1. Receptor Neuron (Bipolar)
2. Supporting Cells ( Like glia produce mucus)
3. Basal Cells (give rise to new receptors) |
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Definition
| apical dendrite extends to mucoscal surface |
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| the cilia go from the dentritic knob to the ______ |
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Definition
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| the unmyelinated axon ... |
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Definition
| on the other end of the receptor cell goes to the olfactory bulb |
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| smell receptors die and replace every __ - ___ weeks. |
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Definition
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| the neurons are ___________ which makes it easier to go through hole in the bone |
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Definition
| what we want to smell/what we are smelling |
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| each cell is ONLY sensitive to ___ chemical |
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Definition
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| there are ___ different olfactory receptor cells |
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Definition
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| identifying an odor totally depends on having a specific ________ protein that binds to it |
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| How are signals of odors transmitted to the brain? |
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Definition
| olfactory receptor cells = send acons to 2,000 glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. ---> can have more than 1 for each odor |
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Definition
| spherical units containing mitral cells |
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Definition
| "output neuron" - where synapses occur |
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| Olfactory Bulb output from Mitral cells = ______ on cortex |
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| Olfactory Projections from the glomeruli form a ____ in cortex, with related substances = adjacent brain regions |
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| ____ receptor cells throughout epithelium with same type of receptor sens axons to the same glomerulus |
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| humans can distinguish between 10,000 different smells with 350 receptors in humans using ___________. |
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| We only experience a certain smell for a ______ time. |
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| Only 7 chemical elemets have an odor - they are: |
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Definition
1. fluorine
2. chlorine
3. bromine
4. iodine
5. oxygen (as ozone)
6. phosphorus
7. arsenic |
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| we don't know why odor structures _______ in smell |
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| smokers have _______ sense of smell |
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| channel through which we get information about the world --> "Haptic Perception" |
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| Lack of touch as a baby/child... |
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Definition
| Can cause full/minor loss of growth --> hormones don't help ... only affection. |
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| touch is a blend of many ________. |
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| 3.5 kg/largest organ/contains sensory receptors |
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| The Somatosensory System ... |
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| detects body sensations (touch, pain, temperature) |
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| The stimulus location is ... |
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| detected from where you are touched <-- activated receptor |
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Definition
1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. subcutaneus tissue |
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Definition
| pacinian and meissner's corpuscles, riffini's ending, and merkel's disk |
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| The 4 main receptors differ in... |
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Definition
1. Encapsulation
2. Rate of Adaptation
3. Receptive Field Size |
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| tests how far you need to spread touches in order to feel 2 distinct points instead of 1. --> in the thumb: greater than or equal to 3.5 mm = 2 points are perceived/ les than 3.5 mm. = 1 point is perceived... sensitive. |
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Aa --> alpha - alpha
AB --> alpha - beta
Ad --> alpha - delta
C-Fibers |
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| all nerve fibers ( right and left ) enter the spinal cord from the ______ opening. |
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| Cranial Nerves --> carry touch and pain information from the face, mouth, tongue, and dura mater directly to the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem, and from there to the thalamus. |
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| ______ regions reflect the density of body innervation |
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skin nerve endings act as thermoreceptors (<-- seperate receptors for heat and cold)
- heat receptors fire when skin is 30 - 40 degrees "C"
- cold receptors fire between 10 - 35 degrees "C" then again @ 45. |
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Definition
are recruited at extreme tepmeratures.
- Cold = alpha-delta and C fibers
- Warm = C fibers only
- 30 C - 86 F/ 40 C - 104 F/ 10 C (extreme low) - 50 F/ 50 C (extreme high) - 122 F) |
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Definition
| the "hot" in chili peppers --> the receptor that binds this "heat" is the transient receptor potential vanillo0id type 1 (TRPV1) --> this receptor usually detects PAINFUL HEAT ( and heat from the pepper ... found on C - Fibers). |
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Definition
| detects higher temperatures than apsaicin and not capsaicin --> foundn on Aplha - delta finbers |
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Definition
| cool - menthol receptor = responds to cool temps./menthol --> lovcated on type C-fibers |
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| respond to painful cold and mustard oils (form of TRP receptor) |
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- cold = Alpha - Delta and C - Fibers (more sensitive)
- warm = C - Fibers only |
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Definition
3 types of body sensations detected by the somatosensory system
1. touch
2. temperature
3. pain |
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Definition
1. Free - Nerve Endings (pain/temperature)
2. Merkel's Disc (touch)
3. Meissner's Corpuscle (touch)
4. Pacinian Corpuscles (vibration)
5. Ruffini's Ending (Stretch) |
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Definition
| in a capsule filled with fluid |
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Definition
| Size of R.F. (S vs L), rate o adaptation ( Fast vs. Slow), encapsulation (Y/N), function, level of sin (up vs. low) |
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| small receptive fields are able to feel "borders"--> feel exact shape and size of the object --> larger objects = ____________________. |
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Definition
| don't feel exact locations |
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Term
| Spinal Segments:Dermatomes - |
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Definition
| skin surface areas enervated by the dorsal roots of one spinal segment. ( area of the body from which axons go together to a specific dorsal root ... part of the spinal cord it reflects - sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical)--> messages then reach the brain. |
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Definition
| axons from damaged areas will NOT reach the brain |
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Definition
| ... this is equivalent to saying we have 24 dorsal routes (1-1) |
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Definition
| dorsal pathways (touch) --> mechanoreceptor/dorsal root axon (spinal cord) --> medula (synapse) --> fiber bundle crosses sides and ascends to the thalamus (UP) --> axons project to the S.S. cortex [@ medulla = becomes contralateral] |
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Definition
Area 3 --> Area 1 = Texture
Area 3 --> Area 2 = Size and Shape |
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| Relative Sensitivity of different body parts is ... |
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Definition
| determined by receptor density and size of receptor fields (2 pt. discrimination test!) |
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Definition
| changes all the time based on our actions |
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Definition
| parts of the brain for the hands = larger than normal .. plasticity |
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Definition
| Somatosensory Senses (Somatosenses - 2) |
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Definition
- unpleasant but adaptive experience
- associated with tissue damage
-helps us: withdraw from its' source, engage in reproductive actions, signal others. |
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Term
| Congenital Insensitivity to Pain |
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Definition
| an inherited syndrome --> Very Dangerous --> from birth/not acquirable... the ecxperience of pain is influenced by its' context... some fatal conditions cause no or little pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the brain has NO nociceptors |
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Definition
| NOT due to stimulation of pain fibers in the brain itself... dura mater innervated with pain receptors... vasoconstriction of pain - innervated blood vessels in the head. |
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Term
| PAIN RECEPTORS:NOCICEPTORS |
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Definition
| Free Nerve Endings ( No Capsule or Covering) in Dermis |
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Term
| 2 Ways that nerves can be sensitive to damage to the body: |
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Definition
1. Mechanically gated ion channels (extreme bending or stretching)
2. Ion channels made up of specialized receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| they respond to temp. changes, chemicals (lactic acid, vanilloids (series of chemicals... 1 is the hot pepper, [histamine, potassium, enzymes, ATP] <--- released when a cell is broken open. |
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Term
| Cause of Inflammatory Pain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| both use GLUTAMATE and SUBSTANCE P (a peptide) to communicate with the cells of the substantia gelatinosa in the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
- Myelinated
- Fast and Sharp Pains
-"Ouch!" affect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Process... Nocioceptors --> |
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Definition
| 1. Spinothalamic Pathway --> 2. Thalamus --> 3. Angulate Cingulate Gyrus (emotional) / Somatatory Cortex (Physical) |
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Term
| Descending Influences of Pain |
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Definition
1. Forebrain structures synapse in the PAG
2. Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) in the midbrain --> PAG contains opiate receptors.
3. PAG sends endorphins ("Raphei Nucleus") to neurons in the medulla that release serotonin (5-HT) to inhibit ascending spinal cord pain fibers --> you control your pain level.
4. Enters Spinal cord (dorsal horn) --> Electrical Stimulation of PAG reduces pain. |
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Term
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Definition
- individual differences in opiod receptor density
- Gate Theory: competing messages may reduce pain
- extreme stress may reduce pain
- Attitudes towards pain (athletes vs. non-athletes)
- control: patients cotrolling their own morphine use less. |
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Term
| Pain info. is presented in the somatosensory regions... |
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Definition
| the same that represent touch |
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Term
| Pain info. is also integrated in the ____ ______ |
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Definition
| cingulate cortex --> the experience of pain is affected by our own expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| activated when both a person is experiencing the pain or when empathizing with another |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
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Definition
| Activate only when we experience the pain ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
- pain signals reach the insula VIA the thalamus --> insula = may provide a basis for complex experience to be represented in terms of simpler representations of physical pain body states.
- Emotional Pain is represented by the mind using the same things used to feel physical pain. |
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Term
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Definition
Analgesia= loss of pain sensation...
... aspirin, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| most cells --> part of the immune system. Venom causes histamine release --> some nociceptors = senssitive to histamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Referred Pain... Ex: Sciatics --> Pain running down the back of the buttock, leg, and bottom of foot. <-- results from compression of a nerve root in the lumbar spine |
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Term
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Definition
| Instinct of knowing where parts of our body are, etc. --> impaired = difficulty standing straight or sitting straight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Balance is a combination of a propioception, visual information, and vestibular sense. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Phantom Limb (Neuropathic) Pain |
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Definition
severe pain appearing to come from where an amputated limb used to be, from a paralyzed place.
- formed in children born without a limb --> suggesting that perception of our limbs in 'hard-wired' into our brain.
-accompanied by perceptual symptoms:
Limb feels like shorter vs. non - existing, feeling of "limb-moving" when talking, feels like limb belongs to someone else/yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
- damage to nerve endings
- over sensitivity to these nerves
- erroneous regrowth of neurons in the stump
- neural changed i the representations of regions within the primary somatosensory corte that used to represent the amputated limb. |
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Term
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Definition
- Intractable and Chronic
- destructive surgical procedures can be effective or a few months, but frequently pain comes back worse.
1. Reversing Neural Plasticity
2. Visually fooling the brain
3. Imagination Therapy
- suggest that source is not the stump of the brain
- disordered inputs from limb's sensory system --> motor system back to limb --> mismatch between brain's vision of body = pain. |
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Term
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Definition
1. WITHDRAW from its source
2. engage in RECUPERATIVE ACTIONS (Sleeping... etc.)
3. SIGNAL OTHERS (avoid harm to others) |
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Term
| What triggers a response i nthe ion channels of nociceptors? |
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Definition
- extreme stetching/bending (mechanically gated channels)
- temperature changes (specialized receptor proteins)
- Chemicals (specialized receptor proteins) |
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Term
| What do broken cells damage? |
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Definition
- Protons (H+ Ions)
- Neurotransmitters (ATP/Serotonin)
- Peptides (Small Proteins --> AKA bradykinin)
- Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) |
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Term
| What do these molecules do? |
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Definition
| - bind to receptors and alter sensory neurons' sensitivity thresholds, so that previously innocuous stimuli become painful. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes feeling by avoiding contact with anything |
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Term
| Difference between Ad and C-Fibers? |
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Definition
Ad = myelinated/fast and shard
C = Not myelinated/ slow and dull |
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Term
| Similarities between Ad and C fibers? |
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Definition
- use glutamate and substane P
- communicate with the cells of the S.G. in the spinal cord. |
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Term
| Describe the pathway of pain conductance in the Nervous System |
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Definition
| Nocioceptors --> dorsal root axons: entering the spinal cord --> Substantia Gelatinosa (S.G) (cells in the dorsal horn) --> Spinothalamic Pathway (contra-lateral, via the brain stem) --> thalamus --> ACC, Somatosensory Cortex and Insulla. |
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Term
| What structure can reduce pain?/ How? |
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Definition
- PAG --> Periaqueductal Gray
- sends endorphins to the medulla --> release serotonin --> inhibits ascending spinal cord fibers. |
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Term
| What theory was offered to explain mechanisms of reducing pain by touching? / What does it say? |
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Definition
- The Gate Theory
- says that the input from touch fibers might compete with input from nociceptors for activation of cells in the S.G. --> les pain info. reaches the brain. |
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