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| Rationalist: knowledge is innate |
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| Empiricist: knowledge is acquired through experience |
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Cartesian Dualism
2 kinds of substance: mind and body
Problem: How does the body connect with the mind? |
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Knowledge is a priori, before experience
All knowledge can be found out through logic and reasoning |
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Examples: Locke, Hume Berkley
At birth, the mind is a "blank slate"
All knowledge is posteriori. |
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| Descartes, Bringing it together... |
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| Pineal Gland. The mind and body interface! |
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| Alternative to dualism. Suffers form the same mind-body problem as dualism...how does the physical interact with the mental? |
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| First attempt to apply scientific method to thought. |
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| Structuralism (people involved) |
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| Wundt and Titchner attempted to break the mind down into its constituent parts. |
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3 elementary states:
Sensations, Images, Affections |
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| Observing a mental process changes it. Poor between subjects reliability. Imageless thought debate. |
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John Watson!
Tenants:
-observables only
-theory must be parsimonious
-break behavior down into irreducible concepts |
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US, UR, CS, CR
Pavlov (definite way to measure responding) |
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-Believed that operant conditioning could explain all forms of human behavior
-Designed the stripped-down environment of the Skinner Box |
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| Leads to the most robust responding. |
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| The school of thought in psychology until the 1950's. It couldn't account for all things, so it started to change from this theory (ex. critical period) |
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| a time when the animal is able to learn particular information rapidly and with little exposure; if the time window is missed, the animal learns with greater effort or not at all. |
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| Father of modern ethology. Became the "mother" of geese |
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| Critical Period in Humans? (give example) |
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| Ability to learn grammar. If you arrived in adulthood, it didn't matter when you arrived, you would eventually plateau. For children, the younger the better. |
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| Child utters at random and utterances that are appropriate are reinforced by parents, thus shaping language. |
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| Behaviorist account is wrong-o, you can't account for everything that you say. There are novel circumstances daily. |
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-A theoretical set of processes and representations
-ex: short term memory log for information like a phone # |
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| The mind is what the brain does, which is computation. Mental modules (or organs) are programmed by genes, shaped by evolution. |
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| beliefs, desires = information incarnate as configurations of symbols. Symbols are physical bits of matter. |
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| Mental modules are programmed by genes. Genes are shaped by evolution. Thus, behavior is influenced by evolution. |
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