Term
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Definition
| He ran the first psychology lab, and was involved with the Introspectionism movement, founded the first psychology journal, and did lots of work on language. Was also mentor to many other big names in psychology such as Tichner and William James |
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Definition
| Founded the Structuralism Movement, which focused on the sensations images, and feelings that were the structure of the mind. He was one of Wundt's students. Studied and worked at Cornell's psych lab. |
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Definition
| Disagreed with Wundt's claims, and set out to study the mind objectively. Used himself as a subject in his research. Did a great deal of work with memory through his memorization of random lists of words. His methods are still used. |
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Definition
| A german psychologist who focused on Gestalt principles,and did work with insight learning (work with the monkeys and the "a-ha" moment) |
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Definition
| Discovered the principles of classical conditioning with the use of dogs. |
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Definition
| Was the father of behaviorism and studied only observable behavior. Thought that introspection was BS. |
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Definition
| Discovered the principles of operant conditioning. Used Skinner boxes. |
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Definition
| Works at MIT and criticized behaviorism on the basis of human language. Said that language is generative which means you can create an infinite number of sentences from an finite number of words, and showed that language uses grammar rules that are not learned through reinforcement. |
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Definition
| Caused psychologists to have to deal with practical concerns involved in war. Had to rethink psychology in different terms then behaviorism, and became concerned with attention, vigilance and decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| With the introduction of the computer, came a new theory of how the mind works; computationally. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of linguistics, specifically in children learning language is what caused people to stray away from radical behaviorism |
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Term
| The Scientific Method/ Characteristics of Science |
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Definition
1. Observation 2. Theory 3. Hypothesis 4. Test Hypothesis 5. Support Hypothesis or no?
Science is empirical, objective, self-correction, progressive, tentative, and theoretical |
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Term
| Information-processing approach |
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Definition
| The view in cognitive psychology that views human cognition as an information processor. Where the brain is the hardware and the cognitions are the software. |
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Term
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Definition
Different types of science cover different scales of complexity and sizes of things.
Starts with Social Psych/Anthro/Econ, then Cognitive psych, then cognitive neuroscience, then neuroscience, then biology, then biochemistry, then chemistry, and finally particle physics |
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Term
| Relationship between Cognitive Psychology and Other Branches of Psychology |
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Definition
| Cognitive psych plays a role and is an underlying basis in all other branches of psychology. |
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Term
| Three basic assumptions of Cognitive Psychology |
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Definition
Mental Processes Exist: can't explain everything through behavior, and cognition is what happens in between stimulus and response
Mental Processes can be studied using science: Measure electrical activity using ERP's(electrodes),PET and fMRI, and TMS which temporarily lesions a part of the brain
Humans are Information Processors:
Hardware is brain, software is cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| Interdisciplinary field made up of cognitive psych, philosophy, linguistics, neuroscience, and computer science |
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Term
| 3 traditional dependent variables |
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Definition
| Response time to task, types of errors made, and frequency of errors |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrodes are placed on the head and measure electrical activity of the brain. Very good temporally (time that something is happening), poor spatial resolution (where it is happening) |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) & fMRI |
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Definition
| very good spatially, but not as good temporally (6-8 second field) fMRI uses very strong magnets that aline the protons in hydrogen atoms and emit radio waves that allow you to measure blood flow. |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| Causes a temporary Neural Lesion and allows you to make causal inferences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory of human information processing. It includes environmental inputs into each one of the sensory memory systems (echoic and iconic memory) then moves into the Short-term memory where it is subject to control processes (rehearsal, operators or mental strategies tht rely on LTM, encoding, and retrieval), through encoding and retrieval stuff is put into and taken out of Long-term Memory, then response outputs come from the short-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the visual memory, and information is stored for approx 250 ms |
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Term
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Definition
| It is audio memory and holds information for approx 2-4 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| a metaphor used to describe attention. It says that attention is like a spotlight and that attention has a limited capacity, and facilitates processing of some information while dampening other processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metaphor of attention processes that says that attention is a limited resource that can only be used for a certain amount of things. |
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Term
| Selfridge's Pandemonium Model |
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Definition
| this model uses both bottom-up processing, and top-down processing. Bottom-up because you process the stimulus based on the features of the actual pattern itself, and top-down because you also process the stimulus based on the context in which the pattern exists or on pre-existing knowledge |
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Term
| Biederman's Recognition by Components |
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Definition
| Says that we recognize objects in the world by breaking them up into their basic geometric shapes (geons) This starts by seeing edges and then scanning the surface. Most important though are the specific vertices on the object. The problem with this theory is that it relies on bottom-up processing, suggesting that we perceive the parts before we perceive the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| this theory states that when trying to recognize a pattern we use a set of templates that are stored in LTM. However this has the problem of invariance which states that we can recognize different fonts and recognize the same object from many angles, suggesting we would need millions of templates |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that we decompose a pattern into its most basic features and then assemble those features so that they match (not perfectly) to something in memory. This solves the problem of invariance because we can recognize graded patterns, however it still has the problem of the context effect. |
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Term
| Broadbent's Filter theory |
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Definition
| A theory about auditory attention that proposes that there is a filter that different messages pass through and that filter can be tuned to attend to anyone of the competing messages. Then only the message being attuned to goes onto the decision making channel. However, it is known that people will still hear their names even if they are not attending to that channel, and it is known that other information can still have an impact or "slip by" the filter. |
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Term
| Norman's Pertinence Model |
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Definition
| The theory that you attend to information that you already have some knowledge of either in LTM or STM because it is more important |
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Term
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Definition
| generalizability to the real world situations in which people think and act |
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Term
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Definition
| observation as the basis for all science |
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Term
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Definition
| the functions of consciousness, rather than its structure, were of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| attempting to understand complex events by breaking them down into their components |
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Term
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Definition
| the structure of the conscious mind, the sensations, images, and feelings that were the very elements of the minds structure |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of experimental psychology that dealt with humans as they learned verbal material, composed of letters, nonsense syllables or sometimes words |
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Term
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Definition
| set of assumptions and guiding principles |
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Term
| Information-processing approach |
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Definition
| the coordinated operation of active mental processes within a multicomponent memory system |
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Term
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Definition
| any channel- any physical device that transmits messages or information- has a limited capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of taking in information and converting it to a usable mental form |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis about the specific mental processes that take place when a particular task is performed |
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Term
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Definition
| a timed task in which people decide whether letter strings are or are not English words |
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Term
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Definition
| It takes significantly longer to judge words of lower frequency than it does to judge high-frequency words |
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Term
| Sequential Stages of processing |
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Definition
| a sequence of stages or processes that completely account for mental processing in the task |
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Term
| Independent and Nonoverlapping |
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Definition
| any single stage was assumed to finish its operation completely before the next stage in the sequence could begin, and the duration of any single stage had no bearing on the other stages |
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Term
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Definition
| Verbalize their thoughts as they solve the problems |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of thought, using all available scientific techniques and including all relevant scientific disciplines for exploring and investigating cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| a disruption in one component of mental functioning but no impairment of another |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that is specialized for receiving and transmitting a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| region where the axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another come together |
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Term
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Definition
| the top layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Different functions or actions within the brain tend to rely more heavily on one hemisphere or the other or tend to be performed differently in the two hemispheres |
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Term
| Event- Related Potentials |
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Definition
| the momentary changes in electrical activity of the brain when a particular stimulus is presented to a person |
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Term
| Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models |
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Definition
| a computer-based technique for modeling complex systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the receptive and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| which provides us with our most accurate, precise vision |
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Term
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Definition
| reception of stimulation from the environment and the initial encoding of that stimulation into the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of interpreting and understanding sensory information |
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Term
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Definition
| eye sweeps from one point to another in fast movements |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| failure to notice changes in visual stimuli when those changes occur during a saccade |
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Term
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Definition
| We sometimes fail to see an objecting we are looking at directly, even a highly visible one, because our attention is directed elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
| apparent persistence of a visual stimulus beyond its physical duration |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of individual items recallable after any short display aka span of attention |
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Term
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Definition
| people are to report any letters they can |
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Term
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Definition
| in which only one of the rows was to be reported |
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Term
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Definition
| the visual image that resides in iconic memory |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting caused by the effects of intervening stimulation or mental processing |
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Term
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Definition
| A later visual stimulus can drastically affect the perception of an earlier one |
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Term
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Definition
| when the contents of visual sensory memory are degraded by subsequent visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental perceptual inference of illusory motion |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptual illusion occurs when you see lights moving or flowing around on a movie marquee or chasing christmas lights |
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Term
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Definition
| metal process of visual attention |
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Term
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Definition
| the memory system that is used across a series of eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| stored models of all categorizable patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| a very simple pattern, a fragment or component that can appear in combination with other features |
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Term
| Data-driven processing system |
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Definition
| processing is driven by the stimulus pattern, the incoming data |
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Term
| Conceptually driven processing effects |
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Definition
| context and higher-level knowledge influence lower-level processes |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to not perceive a pattern, whether a word, a picture, or any other visual stimulus, when it is quickly repeated |
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Term
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Definition
| basic "primitives" simple three-dimensional geometric forms like geometric ions. has to do with recognition by components |
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Term
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Definition
| as a failure or deficit in recognize objects |
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Term
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Definition
| a disruption of face recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| a basic disruption in perceiving patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot associate the pattern with meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| superior recall of the end of the list when the auditory mode is used instead of the visual mode of presentation |
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Term
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Definition
| the sounds of speech are not invariant from one time to the next |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the mental process of concentrating effort on a stimulus or mental event |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic processes of getting sensory information into the cognitive system |
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Term
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Definition
| maintenance of attention for infrequent events over long periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
| involving consciousness processing, conscious awareness that a task is being performed, and usually conscious awareness of the outcome of tht performance |
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Term
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Definition
| processing with no necessary involvement of conscious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| the reflexive redirection of attention that orients you toward the unexpected stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the spontaneous redirection of attention to stimuli in the world based on physical characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradual reduction of the orienting response back to the baseline |
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Term
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Definition
| a faster-than-baseline response resulting from the useful advance information |
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Term
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Definition
| a response slower than baseline because of the misleading cue |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental attention-focusing mechanism that prepares you to encode stimulus information |
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Term
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Definition
| recently checked locations are mentally marked by attention as places that the search process would not return to |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption or decreased ability to attend to something in the left field of vision |
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Term
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Definition
| a deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to attend to one source of informaiton while ignoring or excluding other ongoing stimuli around us |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by Cherry. to repeat the message out loud as soon as it was heard |
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Term
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Definition
| two tasks are presented such that one task captures attention as completely as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| the situation in which a person's attention and thoughts wander from the current task to some other, inappropriate line of thought |
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Term
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Definition
| actively supresses mental representations of salient but irrelevant information so that its activation level is reduced, perhaps below the resting baseline level |
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Term
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Definition
| slower to respond to the target trials when they were preceded by these-to-be-ignored distractor primes compared to the target trials where the ignored object on prime trial was some other object |
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Term
| Psychological refractory period/ attentional blink |
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Definition
| a brief slow-down in mental processing due to having processed another very recent event |
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Term
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Definition
| with little or no necessary involvement of a conscious, limited-attention mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| unintended, often automatic, actions that are inappropriate for the current situation |
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Term
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Definition
| process of grouping items together, then remembering the newly formed groups |
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Term
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Definition
| grouping information in a richer, more complex item |
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Term
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Definition
| when older material interferes forward in time with your recollection of the current stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of proactive interference. newer material interferes backward in time with your recollection of older items |
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Term
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Definition
| when the decline in performance caused by proactive interference is reversed because of a switch in the to-be-remembered stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| people are free to recall the list of items in any order |
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Term
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Definition
| people try to recall the list items in their original order |
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Term
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Definition
| accuracy of recall for the early list positions |
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Term
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Definition
| the level of correct recall in the final items of the originally presented list, high recency means "high accuracy" low recency means "low accuracy" |
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