Term
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Definition
novel, different useful? everyday mechanism or not? |
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Term
| How to measure creativity |
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Definition
1) Divergent Thinking--paper clip (example: what if everyone met their full potential (adult) at 2 years old?) 2) Remote Association 3)Consensual Agreement |
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Term
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Definition
1) parent's experiences 2) genetics 3) working together? 4) evaluation --less creative when being evaluated if you wait until the last minute 5) rewards 6) mindfulness |
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Term
| Expertise (and problem solving) |
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Definition
1) def: experience/knowledge and different way of thinking 2) structural representation (format-how is it organized?) (format of the knowledge base of field) 3) processing=larger "chunks" of info 4) Experts start problems slower, end up finishing faster 5) experts are more likely to show meta-cognition (evaluate solution). |
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Term
| phases of decision making |
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Definition
-analogy to problem solving model -rationality (cost/benefit) |
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Term
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Definition
| expect short sequence to look like process that generated it |
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Term
heuristics (cognitive illusions) |
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Definition
-people understand 0%, 100% -kahnenan & tversky=nobel prize for heuristics (in economics) |
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Term
| Heuristics (framing effect) |
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Definition
ex: 80% lean meat vs. 20% fat meat
1) Gains/loss
2) anchoring--> our judgement or impressions are influenced by numbers (even if that number is totally random). |
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Term
| Heuristics (Confirmation Bias) |
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Definition
| typically look for information to confirm hypothesis. |
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Term
| Heuristics (Sunk/Cost Heuristic) |
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Definition
| the more money and time you've invested in something, the less likely you are to change your mind. |
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Term
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Definition
up to 6-7 choices, you're ok
more anxious & less satisfied with decision with too many choices |
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Term
| Heuristics (Hind-sight bias) |
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Definition
Event Already occurred
Should have been able to see the future |
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Term
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Definition
a. Identify
b. represent
c. selecting relevant information
d. trying solution |
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Term
Problem Solving Model
Selecting Relevant Information |
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Definition
a. difficult to do (when we select irrelevant information
b. inert knowledge (is knowledge that you have in your memory, but you don't think its relevant at the time.) |
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Term
Problem Solving Model
Trying Solution |
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Definition
a. algorithmic=trying every possible solution
b. generate test
c. using short cuts (heuristics)
d. working backwards
e. use analogies/examples |
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Term
Problem Solving Model
Blocks to problem solving |
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Definition
1) Functional fixedness (perceptual set)
2) mental set (solving problems the same way...you get stuck!!!)
3) lack of specific knowledge/experts
4) creativity
5) evaluate solution/critical thinking (often skipped) |
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Term
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Definition
| personality, emotions, motor behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory experiences and perception |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| processing visual information |
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Term
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Definition
| Born with no forebrain. The condition of being born with little or no brain. If some brain or nervous tissue is present, it is totally exposed and often damaged because the top of the skull is missing. Survival is only limited to days, but the longest has been 2 months. |
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Term
Frontal Lobe
longer description |
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Definition
healthy personality, emotional behavior, volunatry motor behavior, planning and making decisions.
Located in the front part of the brain, includes a huge area of cortex. The frontal lobe is involved in many functions: performing voluntary motor movements, interpreting and performing emotional behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| suffered a frontal lobotomy on september 13, 1848 when a metal rod went through the front part of his skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| in 1936, a Portuguese neurologist used an untested surgical treatment (a frontal lobotomy) to treat individuals with severe emotional problems. A frontal lobotomy removes 1/3 of the frontal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| a narrow strip of cortex that is located on the back edge of the frontal lobe and extends down its side. The motor cortex is involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements. The right motor cortex controls muscles on the left side of the body and vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging--measures the activity of specific neurons that are functioning during cognitive tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging--measures the activity of specific neurons that are functioning during cognitive tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| positron emission tomography--involves injecting a slightly radioactive solution into the blood and then measuring the amount of radiation absorbed by brain cells, called neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| make decision based on how example resembles class, often see when people ignore base rate information. |
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Term
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Definition
| people expect small samples to resemble the population from which they are drawn. |
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Term
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Definition
| make decision based on how easy it is to access information |
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Term
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Definition
| make decision based on how recently they've heard information |
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Term
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Definition
how information is presented affects decisions.
a) context-if framed in negative or positive way, people react differently to same information
b) choice or opportunity
c) anchoring |
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Term
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Definition
| seek evidence that confirms hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| have a clear goal (you know immediately if you've reached the solution), present a small set of information to start from, and often present a set of rules or guidelines to abide by while you are working toward a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| don't have their goals, starting information, or steps clearly spelled out. |
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Term
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Definition
| intitial state, goal state, problem space well defined vs. ill defined. |
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Term
| general problem solving model |
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Definition
Identify problem
problem representation
relevant info
try solution
evaluate solution |
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