Term
| Describe what is meant by the concept of the “constructive nature of memory.” |
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Definition
| The mind constructs memories based on a number of sources of information, including what actually happened, and additional factors such as the individual’s knowledge, experiences, and expectations. |
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Term
| Define “source monitoring." |
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Definition
| The process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs. |
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Term
| Define “source monitoring errors.” |
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Definition
| Misidentifying the source of a memory. |
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Term
| Give three recall terms for the "famous overnight" study. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how the results of the "famous overnight" study are examples of the “constructive nature of memory.” |
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Definition
| Participants attributed the familiarity of the names to fame rather than recognition of the names from the list. (Source monitoring error) |
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Term
| Define the concept of "schema." |
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Definition
| A person’s knowledge about some aspect of the environment. |
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Term
| Define the concept of "script." |
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Definition
| Our conception of the sequence of actions that usually occur during a particular experience. |
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Term
| How do the concepts of "schema" and "script" effect memory? |
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Definition
| They can influence our memory by setting up expectations about what to expect in an environment or situation. |
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Term
| Explain the “misinformation effect.” |
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Definition
| Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later. |
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Term
| Give two studies with results that support the misinformation effect and three recall terms for each. |
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Definition
| Loftus and Palmer (1974): smash, speed, glass; Lindsay (1990): story, cigarettes, control |
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Term
| Identify and describe the three explanations of the misinformation effect. |
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Definition
1. Replaces the Original Memory: The original memory trace is replaced during the process of reconsolidation
2. Causes Interference: More recent learning interferes with memory that happened in the past
3. Causes Source Monitoring Errors: Individual misattributes the source of his/her memory. |
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