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Definition
| system of communication using sounds and symbols that enable us to express thoughts, ideas, and experiences |
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| hierarchical system of language |
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Definition
has components that can be combined to form larger units
governed by rules (like grammar) |
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| Skinner's approach to language |
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verbal behavior
language is learned through reinforcement (operant conditioning) |
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| chomskey's viewpoint of language |
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Definition
syntactic structures
himan language coded in the genes
underlying basis of all language is similar
children produce sentences they never have heard and that have never been reinforced |
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Definition
smallest unit of language
shortest segment of speech that if changed, changes the meaning of the word
pronounciation "bit" = b/i/t
"bat" = "b/a/t/
with = "w/i/d
not the same as letters |
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Definition
smallest unit of language that has meaning
truck = one syllable, one morphene
table = 2 syllables; "tab" le" = one morpheme
bed/room = 2 syllables, and two morphenes
trucks = 2 morphemes
ADDING S AND "ED" ADDS ONE MORPHENE |
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Term
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Definition
respond more rapidly to more frequent words
high frequency example: home = 547 x p. million
low freq = "hike" 4 x p million |
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word that has more than one meaning
bugs: insects, hidden cameras, being annoyed |
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| The syntax-first approach states that grammar is the ______ |
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Definition
| principal determinant to parsing |
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Definition
| grammatical structure paid attentiuon to first and that determines the parsing |
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| The interactionist approach has been supported by _____ |
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Definition
path to solution is unclear
no one correct answer
ex: dealing with relationships = what should i do? |
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| ewell and Simon’s approach to problem solving |
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Definition
ewell and Simon’s approach to problem solving
Initial state (Start condition of a problem)
Goal state (End condition of a problem)
Operators (Possible moves that can be made to get from one state to another)
Intermediate states (Conditions that exist along the way from start to end)
Problem space: initial state, goal state, and all the possible intermediate states for a particular problem |
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| Kaplan and Simon's experiment showed the importance of ______ |
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Definition
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Kaplan and Simon’s uses the ______ to explain their information
processing approach. |
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Definition
| tower of Hanoi (well-defined) |
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Term
| the checkerboard-marriage and tumor-castle analogies |
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Definition
Insight: Laying down a domino must cover different squares (black & pink, never black & black, never pink & pink)
When you remove two corners, you remove two like squares
The answer? No, 31 dominos will not cover the board |
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Term
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Definition
the transfer from one problem to another
Participants who are trying to solve a target problem are presented with a problem or a story, called the source problem or source story, that shares some similarities with the target problem and that illustrates a way to solve the target problem.
The checkerboard problem: target problem
The marriage problem: source problem |
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Term
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Definition
drawing a conclusion that logically follows from evidence
uses syllogisms to reason deductively
premises: jim is a fantastic teacher. jim is teaching cognitive psych.
conclusion: students in jims cognitive psych class have a fantastic teacher.
this is a, this is b; sho c is connecting a and b |
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Term
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Definition
Deductive conclusions are very specific
Inductive conclusions are very broad; they are suggested
Observation: All the crows I’ve seen in Chicago are black, and now the ones in Washington are, too.
Conclusion: All crows are black. |
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Term
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Definition
use statements that begin with "all" "no" or "some"
ex: premises: all birds are animals. all animals eat food.
conclusion: all birds eat food |
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Term
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Definition
"if, then,..."
ex: if i lend $20 to sara, i wont get it back.
i lent $20 to sara, so i wont get it back |
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Term
| conditional syllogism: abstract |
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Definition
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| what defines a syllogism? |
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Definition
| 2 statements called premises, followed by a third statement, called conclusion |
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Definition
its conclusion follows logically from its two premises
determined by form, not content |
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Definition
refers to the content of premises
determine if consistent with the facts |
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| Gestalt psychologists’ view of problem solving |
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Definition
how people represent a problem in their mind
how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation |
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Definition
representation reconstructing
radius = diagonal
perceive the object and represent it in a different way
restructuring is associated with INSIGHT |
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Term
| Metcalfe and Wiebe’s study of insight |
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Definition
-participants working on an insight problem
-should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution
-working on non-insight problem is more likely to know when they are getting lcoser t oa solution |
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Term
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Definition
| ideas about an onbkects function can inhibit the usefulness of an obkect in another manner |
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Term
. What functional fixedness could inhibits one the object is familiar? How about a novel object
that you do not initially the function? Functional fixedness should be lower for a novel object
than a familiar object. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| p (abstract) I studied; therefore, i will get a good grade |
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Definition
| i didn't get a good grade; therefore i didnt study |
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Term
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Definition
| i got a good grade; therefore, i studied |
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Term
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Definition
| i didnt study; therefore, i didnt get a good grade |
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Term
| the Wason four-card problem |
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Definition
if vowel, then even number on the other side of the card
must turn over A, because a vowel, want toi see if even number is on other side
must turn over 7 to make sure there isnt a vowel on the other side
only 4% got this correct
rule does not state that all even numbers have ot have vowels |
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Term
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Definition
| to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falisfy the rule |
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Definition
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Definition
The availability heuristic: We base our judgments of the frequency of events on what comes to mind
related to how often we expect events to occur |
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Term
| the representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| related to the idea that people often make judgments based on how much one event resembles another event |
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