Term
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Definition
-mental processes
-mental events and knowledge used whren recognizing an object, remembering a name, solving a problem
perceiving new stimuli, paying attention to it, retrieve matching label from storage of concepts (pattern recognition) |
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Term
| Define: Cognitive Psychology |
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Definition
scientific study of mental processes
internal mental states
use controlled research methods to investigate questions of mind |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural Correlate of Consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
How physical responses correlate with example
not causation |
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Term
| Philosophers: view on cognitive psych |
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Definition
Aristotle, Plato, Descartes
interested in internal mechanisms of the mind |
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Term
| Physiobiologists: View on cognitive psych |
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Definition
| hippocrates, medeival muslim physicians looked at cells and the body |
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Term
| Psychophysics: view on cognitive psych |
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Definition
physiological aspects of experience to subjective experience
Fechner, Weber, Helmholt |
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Term
| What are the different mental processes that cognition involves? (7) |
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Definition
1. Perception
2. attention
3. memory
4. representation of knowledge
5. language
6. problem-solving
7. Reasoning and decision-making
"hidden processes" that we are not aware of |
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Term
| Willhelm Wundt: who was he? Structuralist of functionalist? |
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Definition
established first psychological experimental laboratory in Germany
STRUCTURALIST |
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Term
| Who brought structuralism into America in 1892? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 big names relating to structuralism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Introspection: WHO? structuralism or functionalism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
introspection
describe events in sensations, feelings, and images |
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Term
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Definition
| describe events in sensations, feelings, and images |
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Term
| Behaviorism: Who is the founder? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the criticisms of structuralism? |
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Definition
it is REDUCTIONISTIC
because reduce all complex human experience to sensations
elemental: put parts into whole
Mentalistic: study only verbal reports |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Functionalism: What does it focus on? |
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Definition
emotion
experiences
thoughts
functions of consciousness |
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Term
| behaviorism: Watson: what experiment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Behaviorism focus on? Watson |
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Definition
| observable behaviors, no mental processes |
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Term
| John Watson: Lil Albert experiment |
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Definition
BEHAVIORISM
Fear conditioning |
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Term
| Behaviorism: What two problems did it try to address? |
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Definition
1. hard to measure invisible mental processes
2. variable results between people
eliminate mind as a topic of study
study direct behavior instead |
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Term
| Skinner: Radical behaviorism |
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Definition
relationship between response and stimuli
operant conditioning |
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Term
| what is so important about Ebbinghaus' experiment? |
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Definition
| first experimental investigation of memory |
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Term
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Definition
memorized 25 words; retention curve
savings, forgetting curve
forget progressively as tested and then stabilizes as information is stored into longterm memory |
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Term
| What was resultant of the criticisms of behaviorism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cognitive Revolution: Why did it start? |
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Definition
Behaviorism criticisms
too much focus on stimulus response
development of the computer; complex brain to computer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| mental maps account for.... |
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Definition
learning in the absense of response or reinforcement
cognitive maps are a mental representation |
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Term
| McNamara: Rats and maze: What did it show? |
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Definition
| learning can occur without a response |
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Term
| McNamara: Rats and maze: the experiment |
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Definition
rats prevented from running a maze, but they still learned the path
mental map
pushed rats through a maze on a cart
showed that learning can occur without a response |
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Term
| What did Tolman show with his mat/raze expiriment? |
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Definition
| rats can learn without reinforcement AND response |
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Term
| Describe Tolman's maze experiment |
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Definition
3 groups of rats
group 1: explores and gets food
group 2: no food
group 3: 11 days without food, food on 12th day (LATENT LEARNING)
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful |
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Term
| Lashley: Criticisms of behaviorism |
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Definition
| -skilled behavior is too complex for an SR account |
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Term
| Skinner: language acquisition |
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Definition
kids learn language by reinforcement and punishment
operant conditioning
correct speech is rewarded |
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Term
| Chomskey's criticisms of Skinner's approach to language acquisition in children |
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Definition
kids do not only learn language from imitation and reinforcement
kids say things they have never heard like, "i hitted the ball."
kids say things that aren't correct, even though they weren't rewarded for it
language is determined by a BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM |
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Term
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Definition
Mental chronometry: measuring how long a cognitive process takes
participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears OR participant pushes a light depending on what side its on |
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Term
| Donder's experiment: What did it show? |
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Definition
| mental processes cannot be measured directly, but they can be inferred from the participant's behavior |
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Term
| Donders: What is a reaction-time experiment? |
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Definition
| measures interval between stimulus presentation and person's response to stimulus |
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Term
| How do we study the mind in cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
1. measure observable behavior
2. make inference about underlying cognitive activity
3. consider what this behavior says about how the mind works |
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Term
| Behavior approach to researching the mind |
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Definition
| measures relationship between stimuli and behavior |
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Term
| physiological approach to researching/studying the mind |
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Definition
| measures relationship between physiology and behavior |
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Term
| Donders: Equation for cognitive process time |
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Definition
| Choice RT - simple RT = time it takes to make a decision |
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Term
| Gais et al - memory consolidation and sleep: Behavioral approach - Independent variable |
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Definition
One group learned a list of words shortly before going to sleep
The other group, many hours before going to sleep |
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Term
| Gais et al - memory consolidation and sleep: Behavioral approach - dependent variable |
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Definition
| Memory (forgetting) for the list of words measured two days later |
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Term
| Gais et al - memory consolidation and sleep: Physiological approach |
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Definition
measured brain activity at encoding and retrieval
measured using brain imaging (fMRI)
results: found differential brain activity between the two groups; |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized to receive and transmit information |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane filled with fluid that transmits electrical signals |
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Term
| Nerve impulses travel from the ___ to the ____ |
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Definition
| Nerve Impulses travel from the dendrites or cell body through the axon to the axon terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| branches reach from cell body, which receive information from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized to respond to information received from senses |
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Term
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Definition
outgrowth of a glial cell
electricity insulating material, faster transmission |
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Term
| difference between mylenated and nonmylenated axon speeds |
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Definition
normal axon: 2 m/s
mylenated: 250 m/s |
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Term
| what are glial cells? what do they do? |
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Definition
white matter in brain
1. guides neurons to proper location in development
2. forms the blood brain barrier
3. dispose of cellular waste
4. insulates axons of neurons (myelin sheath) to increase speed of transmission |
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Term
| Neural transmission: how? |
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Definition
membrane is semipermeable to potassium and sodium
difference in electrical charge polarizes the neuron |
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Term
| Neural transmission: what does depolarized mean? |
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Definition
positive inside, negative outside
membrane is sensitive to sodium |
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Term
| Neural transmission: during action potential is the neuron depolarized or polarized? |
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Definition
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Term
| list: 3 states of neural transmission |
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Definition
1. Resting potential
2. depolarization
3. repolarization |
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Term
| What is resting potential? |
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Definition
pump maintains concentration gradient
2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out
tries to reach equillibrium |
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Term
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Definition
when adequately stimulated, K+ channels open to allow Na+ to enter is
potassium channels are closed |
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Term
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Definition
K+ closed, Na+ open
oppposite of Sodiium-Potassium pump |
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Term
| what is a propogated response? |
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Definition
| carrying messages down the axon of a neuron |
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Term
| Do action potentials ever change in size? |
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Definition
Action potentials always remain the same size, regardless of the intensity of the stimulation
the only thing that changes is the firing rate |
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Term
| what is the presynaptic neuron? |
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Definition
| releases neurotransmitters from vessicles |
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Term
| what is the postsynaptic neuron? |
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Definition
| receives message at receptor site |
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Term
| where are the neurotransmitters located in a neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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Definition
excitatory: increase chances of neuron firing
inhibitory: decreases chances of neuron firing |
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Term
| Which neurotransmitters are involved in learning and memory? |
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Definition
| acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lack of dopamine causes? too much? |
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Definition
lack = parkinsons
too much = schizophrenia |
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Term
| what is dopamine involved in? |
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Definition
| motor movement and alterness |
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Term
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Definition
associated with automatic processes
heart rate, breathing etc |
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Term
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Definition
associated with automatic processes
heart rate, breathing etc |
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Term
| what are the parts of the hindbrain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the parts of the brainstem? (3) |
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Definition
1. medulla
2. pons
3. reticular formation |
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Term
| what does the limbic system do? |
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Definition
| motivation, emotion, memory |
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Term
| what are the four parts of the hindbrain? |
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Definition
medulla
pons
reticular formation
cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| provides input to other brainstem structures |
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Term
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Definition
| network of nerve cells that arouses the brain to new stimulation and maintains activation "gatekeeper" |
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Term
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Definition
not part of brainstem, sitatuated at back of brainstem
coodination, controls posture, maintains equillibrium and balance |
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Term
| what are the 4 parts of the limbic system? |
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Definition
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. hippocampus
4. amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
relays incoming sensory information to cerebral cortex
SENSES |
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Term
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Definition
regulates motivated behavior
EAT, SEX, TEMPERATURE |
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Term
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Definition
| contrls emotion, aggression, and acquisition and retention of emotional information of memories |
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Term
| cerebral cortex: how many hemispheres? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| layer between the 2 hemisphere sof brain |
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Term
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Definition
temporal
parietal
occipital
frontal |
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Term
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Definition
located at the back of the head
involved with visual processes |
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Term
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Definition
somatosensory cortex
located at the back half of the brain
touch, pain, etc |
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Term
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Definition
auditory cortex
above ears
hearing and balance
visual tasks like face recognition |
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Term
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Definition
motor cortex
muscles, body movement
planning, decision making, goal setting, problem solving, personalitry |
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Term
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Definition
| interprets and integrates information from various sensory modalities to plan approproate responses to stimuli |
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Term
| Broca's area vs Wernicke's area |
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Definition
Brocas: associated with production of language
Wernicke's: Associated with processing of words that we hear being spoken or language outputs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Wernicke's area: which lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
responds to faces
temporal lobe
damage to this area causes prosopagnosia |
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Term
| Fuciform face area: which lobe>? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parahippocampal place area |
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Definition
responds to places
indoor/outdoor scenes
temporal lobe |
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Term
| Parahippocampal place area: which lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
control of one side of the body is localized in opposite side of the cerebral hemispphere
ex: left hand: right cerebral hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
localizes brain injuries or destruction of brain tissue
discovery of impaired functions that are related to lesions |
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Term
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Definition
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
temperature reversible lesions to inactivate brain area |
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Term
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Definition
positron emission tomography
measure signals
radioactive tracer |
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Term
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Definition
measures brain activity before and during stimulation is present
difference between activation determines what areas of the brain are active during manipulation |
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Term
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Definition
subtraction
measure blood flow through magnetic properties of the blood
advantage: no tracer needed |
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Term
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Definition
electrical activity of the brain
advantage: shows where things are
disadvantage: cant tell when
common for sleep? |
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Term
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Definition
neuron fires: electrical event
measures electrical activity on scalp
average of a large number of trials
advantage: continuous and rapid measurements |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that respond to specific stimulus |
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Term
| simple cells vs complex cells |
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Definition
simple: neurons that respond best to bars of light of a particular orientation
complex: neurons that repond best to one oriented bar of lkight with specific length |
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Term
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Definition
specific neurons respond to speciifc stimuli
neuron for each type of stimuli |
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Term
| problems with specifity coding |
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Definition
1. too many different stimuli to assign specific neurons
2. most neurons respond to a number of different stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
only a relatively small number of neurons are necessary
this theory can be viewed as a midpoint between specifity and distribution coding |
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Term
| where is the retina located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
no sensitivity to light
no photo receptors
back of eye |
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Term
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Definition
| opening of iris that lets light pass through |
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Term
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Definition
controls the opening of the pupil
muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances |
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Term
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Definition
process where ciliary muscles change thickness of the lens
linked to nearsightedness/farsightedness |
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Term
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Definition
point of focus doesnt fall on the back of the retina
doesnt stimulate photo receptors |
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Term
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Definition
mishapen cornea and lens
part of image is focused, part is not. |
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Term
| 2 types of photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| operate best in near darkness |
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Term
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Definition
| operate best in bright light |
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Term
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Definition
point of focus
small region of densely packed with cones at center of retina
highest visual acuity on retina |
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Term
| cones: sensitive to what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensory environment through touch, taste, smell, sound, sight |
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Term
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Definition
| why we interpret these situations and make sense of everything around us |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary swiping of the eye from 1 fixation point to another |
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Term
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Definition
| passes during eyes are almost stationary and visual information is taken in |
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Term
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Definition
| humans become blind during saccade |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to see a flash of light during a saccade |
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Term
| saccadic suppression of displacement |
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Definition
inability to detect changes in location of target when change occurs during a saccade
eyes fail to detect change in location of stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
failure to notice changes in visual stimulation when those changes occur during interruption
brain doesnt detect change |
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Term
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Definition
we sometimes fail to see an object we are looking at directly, even a highly visible one, because our attention is directed elsewhere
---person looks at a picture of a scene, but doesnt see enormous changes that occur in that scene when the changes are accompanies by a brief interruption like a cinema cut, blank, etc |
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Term
| difference btween change blindness and inattentional blindness |
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Definition
change blindness: always interruption in visual scene (ex: white screen between images)
inattentional blindness: no interruption in visual scene; paying attention to something and not seeing a change |
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Term
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Definition
influences of information inherent in a stimulus on perception
ex: direct perception of information, no application of previous knowledhe
ex: direct perceptoin: use stimulatory information and combine into perception; use senses |
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Term
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Definition
-influences of knowledge and expectation on perception
application of previous knowledge
apply previous experiences to make inferences |
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Term
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Definition
-perceptions are built
-mix of stimulation information, expectations, knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
perceptions based on uninterrupted information
taken directly from environment |
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Term
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Definition
ability to perceive the size of an object despite variations in size of its retinal images
ex: things look bigger when you are closer to them, but yo know the size is constant |
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Term
| perceiving size: bottom up vs top-down |
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Definition
bottom-up: size of image on retina
top-down: perceive distance of object, size of object in environment |
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Term
| perceptual organizatrion: structuralism |
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Definition
| perception involves adding up sensations |
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Term
| perceptual organizatrion: gestalt psychology |
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Definition
| mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization |
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Term
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Definition
-how do we determine what parts of a scene go totgether?
-whole is different from the sum of its parts
-psychological phenomenon can be understood only when liked as organized, structural wholes and not when broken down into primitive perceptual elements |
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Term
| 1gestalt principles: figure ground principles |
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Definition
figure: object-like regions of the visual field thatr are distinguished from the background
ground: background areas of the visual field, against which figures stand out |
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Term
| gestalt principles: law of proximity |
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Definition
| group together the nearest elements |
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Term
| gestalt principles: law of good continuiation |
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Definition
| lines as continueous even when they are interrupted |
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Term
| gestalt principles: law of common fate |
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Definition
| group together objects that are moving in the same direction |
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Term
| gestalt principles: law of closure |
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Definition
| fill in small gaps to experience objects as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
1. figure-ground
2. proximity
3. divisability
4. good continuation
5. closure
6. common fate |
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Term
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Definition
First, an animal is trained to indicate perceptual capacities.
Second, a specific part of the brain is removed or destroyed.
Third, the animal is retrained to determine which perceptual abilities remain.
The results reveal which portions of the brain are responsible for specific behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how does transduction take place |
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Definition
Cilia bend in response to movement of organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane
Movement in one direction opens ion channels
Movement in the other direction closes the channels
This causes bursts of electrical signals. |
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Term
| 3 parts of somatosensory system |
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Definition
1. cutaneous senses
2. proprioception
3. kinesthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of touch and pain from stimulation of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to sense position of the body and limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to sense movement/motion of body and limbs |
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