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Cognitive Psych Exam 1
Cognitive Psych Exam 1
162
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
09/25/2013

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Term
What is cognition?
Definition
-mental processes
-mental events and knowledge used whren recognizing an object, remembering a name, solving a problem

perceiving new stimuli, paying attention to it, retrieve matching label from storage of concepts (pattern recognition)
Term
Define: Cognitive Psychology
Definition
scientific study of mental processes

internal mental states

use controlled research methods to investigate questions of mind
Term
What does NCC stand for?
Definition
Neural Correlate of Consciousness
Term
What is NCC?
Definition
How physical responses correlate with example

not causation
Term
Philosophers: view on cognitive psych
Definition
Aristotle, Plato, Descartes

interested in internal mechanisms of the mind
Term
Physiobiologists: View on cognitive psych
Definition
hippocrates, medeival muslim physicians looked at cells and the body
Term
Psychophysics: view on cognitive psych
Definition
physiological aspects of experience to subjective experience

Fechner, Weber, Helmholt
Term
What are the different mental processes that cognition involves? (7)
Definition
1. Perception

2. attention

3. memory

4. representation of knowledge

5. language

6. problem-solving

7. Reasoning and decision-making

"hidden processes" that we are not aware of
Term
Willhelm Wundt: who was he? Structuralist of functionalist?
Definition
established first psychological experimental laboratory in Germany

STRUCTURALIST
Term
Who brought structuralism into America in 1892?
Definition
Edward Tichener
Term
What are the 2 big names relating to structuralism?
Definition
Wundt

Tichener
Term
Introspection: WHO? structuralism or functionalism?
Definition
Structuralism

Tichener
Term
Tichener
Definition
introspection

describe events in sensations, feelings, and images
Term
What is introspection?
Definition
describe events in sensations, feelings, and images
Term
Behaviorism: Who is the founder?
Definition
Watson
Term
What are the criticisms of structuralism?
Definition
it is REDUCTIONISTIC

because reduce all complex human experience to sensations

elemental: put parts into whole

Mentalistic: study only verbal reports
Term
Functionalism: who?
Definition
william james
Term
Functionalism: What does it focus on?
Definition
emotion
experiences
thoughts

functions of consciousness
Term
behaviorism: Watson: what experiment?
Definition
Lil Albert
Term
What does Behaviorism focus on? Watson
Definition
observable behaviors, no mental processes
Term
John Watson: Lil Albert experiment
Definition
BEHAVIORISM

Fear conditioning
Term
Behaviorism: What two problems did it try to address?
Definition
1. hard to measure invisible mental processes

2. variable results between people

eliminate mind as a topic of study

study direct behavior instead
Term
Skinner: Radical behaviorism
Definition
relationship between response and stimuli

operant conditioning
Term
what is so important about Ebbinghaus' experiment?
Definition
first experimental investigation of memory
Term
Ebbinghaus' experiment
Definition
memorized 25 words; retention curve

savings, forgetting curve

forget progressively as tested and then stabilizes as information is stored into longterm memory
Term
What was resultant of the criticisms of behaviorism?
Definition
COGNITIVE REVOLUTION
Term
Cognitive Revolution: Why did it start?
Definition
Behaviorism criticisms

too much focus on stimulus response

development of the computer; complex brain to computer
Term
Mental maps: who?
Definition
TOLMAN
Term
mental maps account for....
Definition
learning in the absense of response or reinforcement

cognitive maps are a mental representation
Term
McNamara: Rats and maze: What did it show?
Definition
learning can occur without a response
Term
McNamara: Rats and maze: the experiment
Definition
rats prevented from running a maze, but they still learned the path

mental map

pushed rats through a maze on a cart

showed that learning can occur without a response
Term
What did Tolman show with his mat/raze expiriment?
Definition
rats can learn without reinforcement AND response
Term
Describe Tolman's maze experiment
Definition
3 groups of rats

group 1: explores and gets food
group 2: no food
group 3: 11 days without food, food on 12th day (LATENT LEARNING)

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Term
what is latent learning?
Definition
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
Term
Lashley: Criticisms of behaviorism
Definition
-skilled behavior is too complex for an SR account
Term
Skinner: language acquisition
Definition
kids learn language by reinforcement and punishment

operant conditioning

correct speech is rewarded
Term
Chomskey's criticisms of Skinner's approach to language acquisition in children
Definition
kids do not only learn language from imitation and reinforcement

kids say things they have never heard like, "i hitted the ball."

kids say things that aren't correct, even though they weren't rewarded for it

language is determined by a BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM
Term
Donder's experiment
Definition
Mental chronometry: measuring how long a cognitive process takes

participant pushes a button quickly after a light appears OR participant pushes a light depending on what side its on
Term
Donder's experiment: What did it show?
Definition
mental processes cannot be measured directly, but they can be inferred from the participant's behavior
Term
Donders: What is a reaction-time experiment?
Definition
measures interval between stimulus presentation and person's response to stimulus
Term
How do we study the mind in cognitive psychology?
Definition
1. measure observable behavior

2. make inference about underlying cognitive activity

3. consider what this behavior says about how the mind works
Term
Behavior approach to researching the mind
Definition
measures relationship between stimuli and behavior
Term
physiological approach to researching/studying the mind
Definition
measures relationship between physiology and behavior
Term
Donders: Equation for cognitive process time
Definition
Choice RT - simple RT = time it takes to make a decision
Term
Gais et al - memory consolidation and sleep: Behavioral approach - Independent variable
Definition
One group learned a list of words shortly before going to sleep

The other group, many hours before going to sleep
Term
Gais et al - memory consolidation and sleep: Behavioral approach - dependent variable
Definition
Memory (forgetting) for the list of words measured two days later
Term
Gais et al - memory consolidation and sleep: Physiological approach
Definition
measured brain activity at encoding and retrieval

measured using brain imaging (fMRI)

results: found differential brain activity between the two groups;
Term
neuron
Definition
specialized to receive and transmit information
Term
Neuron: axon
Definition
membrane filled with fluid that transmits electrical signals
Term
Nerve impulses travel from the ___ to the ____
Definition
Nerve Impulses travel from the dendrites or cell body through the axon to the axon terminal
Term
Dendrites
Definition
branches reach from cell body, which receive information from other neurons
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
specialized to respond to information received from senses
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
outgrowth of a glial cell

electricity insulating material, faster transmission
Term
difference between mylenated and nonmylenated axon speeds
Definition
normal axon: 2 m/s

mylenated: 250 m/s
Term
what are glial cells? what do they do?
Definition
white matter in brain

1. guides neurons to proper location in development

2. forms the blood brain barrier

3. dispose of cellular waste

4. insulates axons of neurons (myelin sheath) to increase speed of transmission
Term
Neural transmission: how?
Definition
membrane is semipermeable to potassium and sodium

difference in electrical charge polarizes the neuron
Term
Neural transmission: what does depolarized mean?
Definition
positive inside, negative outside

membrane is sensitive to sodium
Term
Neural transmission: during action potential is the neuron depolarized or polarized?
Definition
depolarized
Term
list: 3 states of neural transmission
Definition
1. Resting potential

2. depolarization

3. repolarization
Term
What is resting potential?
Definition
pump maintains concentration gradient

2 K+ in, 3 Na+ out

tries to reach equillibrium
Term
What is depolarization?
Definition
when adequately stimulated, K+ channels open to allow Na+ to enter is

potassium channels are closed
Term
what is repolarization?
Definition
K+ closed, Na+ open

oppposite of Sodiium-Potassium pump
Term
what is a propogated response?
Definition
carrying messages down the axon of a neuron
Term
Do action potentials ever change in size?
Definition
Action potentials always remain the same size, regardless of the intensity of the stimulation

the only thing that changes is the firing rate
Term
what is the presynaptic neuron?
Definition
releases neurotransmitters from vessicles
Term
what is the postsynaptic neuron?
Definition
receives message at receptor site
Term
where are the neurotransmitters located in a neuron?
Definition
vessicles
Term
difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
Definition
excitatory: increase chances of neuron firing

inhibitory: decreases chances of neuron firing
Term
Which neurotransmitters are involved in learning and memory?
Definition
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Term
acetylcholine: lack of?
Definition
alzheimers
Term
lack of dopamine causes? too much?
Definition
lack = parkinsons

too much = schizophrenia
Term
what is dopamine involved in?
Definition
motor movement and alterness
Term
brainstem and cerebellum
Definition
associated with automatic processes

heart rate, breathing etc
Term
brainstem and cerebellum
Definition
associated with automatic processes

heart rate, breathing etc
Term
what are the parts of the hindbrain?
Definition
brainstem

cerebellum
Term
what are the parts of the brainstem? (3)
Definition
1. medulla

2. pons

3. reticular formation
Term
what does the limbic system do?
Definition
motivation, emotion, memory
Term
what are the four parts of the hindbrain?
Definition
medulla

pons

reticular formation

cerebellum
Term
pons
Definition
provides input to other brainstem structures
Term
reticular formation
Definition
network of nerve cells that arouses the brain to new stimulation and maintains activation "gatekeeper"
Term
cerebellum
Definition
not part of brainstem, sitatuated at back of brainstem

coodination, controls posture, maintains equillibrium and balance
Term
what are the 4 parts of the limbic system?
Definition
1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. hippocampus

4. amygdala
Term
thalamus
Definition
relays incoming sensory information to cerebral cortex

SENSES
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
regulates motivated behavior

EAT, SEX, TEMPERATURE
Term
amygdala
Definition
contrls emotion, aggression, and acquisition and retention of emotional information of memories
Term
cerebral cortex: how many hemispheres?
Definition
2
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
layer between the 2 hemisphere sof brain
Term
name 4 lobes
Definition
temporal

parietal

occipital

frontal
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
located at the back of the head

involved with visual processes
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
somatosensory cortex

located at the back half of the brain

touch, pain, etc
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
auditory cortex

above ears

hearing and balance

visual tasks like face recognition
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
motor cortex

muscles, body movement

planning, decision making, goal setting, problem solving, personalitry
Term
association cortex
Definition
interprets and integrates information from various sensory modalities to plan approproate responses to stimuli
Term
Broca's area vs Wernicke's area
Definition
Brocas: associated with production of language

Wernicke's: Associated with processing of words that we hear being spoken or language outputs
Term
Brocas area: which lobe?
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
Wernicke's area: which lobe?
Definition
temporal
Term
Fuciform face area
Definition
responds to faces

temporal lobe

damage to this area causes prosopagnosia
Term
Fuciform face area: which lobe>?
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
Parahippocampal place area
Definition
responds to places

indoor/outdoor scenes

temporal lobe
Term
Parahippocampal place area: which lobe?
Definition
temporal
Term
contralaterality
Definition
control of one side of the body is localized in opposite side of the cerebral hemispphere

ex: left hand: right cerebral hemisphere
Term
Lesions
Definition
localizes brain injuries or destruction of brain tissue

discovery of impaired functions that are related to lesions
Term
Brain stimulation
Definition
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

temperature reversible lesions to inactivate brain area
Term
PET scan
Definition
positron emission tomography

measure signals

radioactive tracer
Term
subtraction technique
Definition
measures brain activity before and during stimulation is present

difference between activation determines what areas of the brain are active during manipulation
Term
fMRI
Definition
subtraction

measure blood flow through magnetic properties of the blood

advantage: no tracer needed
Term
EEG
Definition
electrical activity of the brain

advantage: shows where things are

disadvantage: cant tell when

common for sleep?
Term
Event-Related-Potential
Definition
neuron fires: electrical event

measures electrical activity on scalp

average of a large number of trials

advantage: continuous and rapid measurements
Term
feature detectors
Definition
neurons that respond to specific stimulus
Term
simple cells vs complex cells
Definition
simple: neurons that respond best to bars of light of a particular orientation

complex: neurons that repond best to one oriented bar of lkight with specific length
Term
specifity coding
Definition
specific neurons respond to speciifc stimuli

neuron for each type of stimuli
Term
problems with specifity coding
Definition
1. too many different stimuli to assign specific neurons

2. most neurons respond to a number of different stimuli
Term
sparse coding
Definition
only a relatively small number of neurons are necessary


this theory can be viewed as a midpoint between specifity and distribution coding
Term
where is the retina located?
Definition
back of eye
Term
optic nerve
Definition
connects to brain
Term
blind spot
Definition
no sensitivity to light

no photo receptors

back of eye
Term
pupil
Definition
opening of iris that lets light pass through
Term
iris
Definition
controls the opening of the pupil

muscle
Term
lens
Definition
by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances
Term
accomodation: eye
Definition
process where ciliary muscles change thickness of the lens

linked to nearsightedness/farsightedness
Term
nearsightedness
Definition
point of focus doesnt fall on the back of the retina

doesnt stimulate photo receptors
Term
astigmatic eye
Definition
mishapen cornea and lens

part of image is focused, part is not.
Term
2 types of photoreceptors
Definition
rods

cones
Term
rods
Definition
operate best in near darkness
Term
cones
Definition
operate best in bright light
Term
fovea
Definition
point of focus

small region of densely packed with cones at center of retina

highest visual acuity on retina
Term
cones: sensitive to what?
Definition
red, blue, yellow
Term
sensation
Definition
sensory environment through touch, taste, smell, sound, sight
Term
perception
Definition
why we interpret these situations and make sense of everything around us
Term
saccades
Definition
voluntary swiping of the eye from 1 fixation point to another
Term
eye: fixades
Definition
passes during eyes are almost stationary and visual information is taken in
Term
saccadic suppression
Definition
humans become blind during saccade
Term
flash suppression
Definition
inability to see a flash of light during a saccade
Term
saccadic suppression of displacement
Definition
inability to detect changes in location of target when change occurs during a saccade

eyes fail to detect change in location of stimulus
Term
change blindness
Definition
failure to notice changes in visual stimulation when those changes occur during interruption

brain doesnt detect change
Term
inattentional blindness
Definition
we sometimes fail to see an object we are looking at directly, even a highly visible one, because our attention is directed elsewhere

---person looks at a picture of a scene, but doesnt see enormous changes that occur in that scene when the changes are accompanies by a brief interruption like a cinema cut, blank, etc
Term
difference btween change blindness and inattentional blindness
Definition
change blindness: always interruption in visual scene (ex: white screen between images)

inattentional blindness: no interruption in visual scene; paying attention to something and not seeing a change
Term
bottom-up processing
Definition
influences of information inherent in a stimulus on perception

ex: direct perception of information, no application of previous knowledhe

ex: direct perceptoin: use stimulatory information and combine into perception; use senses
Term
top-down processing
Definition
-influences of knowledge and expectation on perception

application of previous knowledge

apply previous experiences to make inferences
Term
constructive view
Definition
-perceptions are built

-mix of stimulation information, expectations, knowledge
Term
Direct view
Definition
perceptions based on uninterrupted information

taken directly from environment
Term
size constancy
Definition
ability to perceive the size of an object despite variations in size of its retinal images

ex: things look bigger when you are closer to them, but yo know the size is constant
Term
perceiving size: bottom up vs top-down
Definition
bottom-up: size of image on retina

top-down: perceive distance of object, size of object in environment
Term
perceptual organizatrion: structuralism
Definition
perception involves adding up sensations
Term
perceptual organizatrion: gestalt psychology
Definition
mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization
Term
gestalt psychology
Definition
-how do we determine what parts of a scene go totgether?

-whole is different from the sum of its parts

-psychological phenomenon can be understood only when liked as organized, structural wholes and not when broken down into primitive perceptual elements
Term
1gestalt principles: figure ground principles
Definition
figure: object-like regions of the visual field thatr are distinguished from the background

ground: background areas of the visual field, against which figures stand out
Term
gestalt principles: law of proximity
Definition
group together the nearest elements
Term
gestalt principles: law of good continuiation
Definition
lines as continueous even when they are interrupted
Term
gestalt principles: law of common fate
Definition
group together objects that are moving in the same direction
Term
gestalt principles: law of closure
Definition
fill in small gaps to experience objects as a whole
Term
List: 6 gestalt laws
Definition
1. figure-ground

2. proximity

3. divisability

4. good continuation

5. closure

6. common fate
Term
lesioning experiments
Definition
First, an animal is trained to indicate perceptual capacities.
Second, a specific part of the brain is removed or destroyed.
Third, the animal is retrained to determine which perceptual abilities remain.
The results reveal which portions of the brain are responsible for specific behaviors.
Term
WHAT pathway
Definition
ventral pathway
Term
WHERE pathway
Definition
dorsal pathway
Term
Where/how: what lobe?
Definition
parietal
Term
What: what lobe?
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
how does transduction take place
Definition
Cilia bend in response to movement of organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane
Movement in one direction opens ion channels
Movement in the other direction closes the channels
This causes bursts of electrical signals.
Term
3 parts of somatosensory system
Definition
1. cutaneous senses

2. proprioception

3. kinesthesis
Term
Cutaneous senses
Definition
perception of touch and pain from stimulation of the skin
Term
Proprioception
Definition
ability to sense position of the body and limbs
Term
Kinesthesis
Definition
ability to sense movement/motion of body and limbs
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