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| Propagated electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons. Typically travel down a neuron's axon |
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| Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of an axon. |
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| Techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that results in images of the brain that represent brain activity. In cog. psych, activity is measured in response to specific cog tasks. |
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| An area in the frontal lobe associated with the production of language. Damage can cause a certain type of aphasia which causes an individual to have trouble thinking of the words to use. |
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| part of a cell that contains mechanisms that keep the cell alive. In some neurons, the cell body and the dendrites associated with it receive information from other neurons. |
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| the 3 mm thick outer layer of the brain that contains the mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions such as perception, language, thinking, and problem solving |
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| field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition |
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| structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons |
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| technique, based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers, for tracing nerve pathways and determining connections |
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| distributed representation |
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| occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain |
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| a situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person and the opposite type of single diss. in another person. EXAMPLE: A is present; B is damanged but person two A is damaged and B is present |
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| an area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies but not by faces or other objects |
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| neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli. |
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| the lobe in the front of the brain that serves higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor function |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging |
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| a brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cog. activity. |
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| an area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces |
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| processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain |
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| topic that can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system |
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| location of specific functions in specific areas of the brain. For example, areas have been identified that are specialized to process info involved in the perception of movement, form, speech, and different aspects of memory |
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| magnetic resonance imaging |
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| brain imaging technique that creatures images of structures within the brain. |
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| small wires that are used to record electrical signals from single neurons |
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| network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers (in contrast to neural network) |
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| group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing |
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| groups of neurons or structures that are connected together |
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| Neural representation, principal of |
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| everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system |
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| cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system |
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| the idea that individual cells are called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory. |
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| the study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans |
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| chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials |
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| the lobe at the back of the brain that is devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual information |
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| parahippocampal place area |
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| an area in the temporal lobve that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes |
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| the lobe at the top of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and also some aspects of visual information |
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| neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons |
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| condition caused by damage to the temporal lobe that is characterized by an inability to recognize faces. |
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| specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli. |
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| when used to study neural functioning, a very thin glass or metal probe can pick up electrical signals from single neurons. |
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| used in conjunction with a recording electrode to measure the difference in charge between the two. These electrodes are generally placed where the elextrical signal remains constant, so any change in charge between the recording and reference electrodes reflects events happening near the tip of the recording electrode |
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| difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when the fiver is at rest. (no other electrical signals are present) |
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| network of neurons that lines the back of the eye. The transformation of light into electrical signals and the initial processing of visual information occur in this area. |
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| how neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment |
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| neural coding based ont he pattern of activity in small groups of neurons |
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| the representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus. an example would be the signaling of a person's face by the firing of a neuron that responds only to that person's face |
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| space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon |
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| the lobe on the side of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for language, memory, hearing, and vision. |
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| area in the occupital lobe that receives signals fromt he eyes |
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| small cube shaped areas int he brain used int he analysis of data from brain scanning experiments |
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| area in the temporal lobe associated with understanding language. Damage causes an aphasia that makes an individual almost impossible to understand because they don't make sense. |
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| Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, that is associatied with neural processing that occurs when people take action. Corresponds to the where pathway |
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| an illusion of movement perception that occurs when stimuli in different locations are flashed one after another with proper timing. |
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| the idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability (initial belief) and the likelihood (extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcomes) |
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| information starts with receptors then goes to the brain |
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| a procedure in which a specific area is removed from an animal's brain. it is usually done to determine the function of an area by assessing the effect ont he animals behavior |
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| model of pain perception that proposes that pain signals are sent directly from receptor to the brain |
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| experience- dependent plasticity |
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| a mechanism that causes an organism's neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed. |
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| a group of psychologists who proposed principles of governing perception, such as laws of organization, and perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring |
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| inverse projection problem |
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| task of determining the object that caused a particular image ont he retina |
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| law of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. |
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| landmark discrimination problem |
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| problem in which the task is to remember an object's location and to choose that location after a delay. Associated with research on the where processing stream |
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| light-from-above assumption |
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| the assumption that light is coming from above. This is heuristic that can influence how we perceive three-dimensional objects that are illuminated |
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| In Bayesian inference, the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome |
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| part of Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received |
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| object dscrimination problem |
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| a problem in which the task is to remember an objectbased on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay. Associated with research on the what processing stream |
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| the finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations |
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| conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses |
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| neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the what pathway |
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| regularly occuring physical properties of environment. for an example, tere are more vertical and horiztonal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations |
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| a pill or procedure that patients believe delivers active ingredients (usually pain killers), but which contains no active ingredients |
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| decrease in pain from a procedure or substance that delivers no active ingredient. |
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| principle of good continuation |
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| law perceptual organization stating that points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together. In addition, lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path. |
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| stimulus pattern is seen in such a way hat the resulting structure is as simple as possible. SAME AS PRAGNANZ |
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| similar things appear grouped together |
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| principles of perceptual organization |
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| (Some black and white shapes become perceptually organized into a dalmations while others look like shadows. |
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| initial belief about the probability of an outcome |
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| regularities in the environment |
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| characteristics of the environment that occur frequently. I.E blue is associated with the open sky, landscapes are often green and smooth, and verticals and horizontals are often associated with buildings. |
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| a person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene. I.E knowledge of what is usually in an office may cause a person to look toward the desk to see the computer. |
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| characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes. I. E. food prep, cooking, and perhaps eating occur int he kitchen |
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| the process of perceiving individuals words within the continuous flow of speech signals. |
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| theory of natural selection |
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| darwin's theory that characteristics enhance an animals ability to survive and reproduce are passed on |
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| Helmholtz's idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about hte environment |
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| the ability to recognize an object seen from different points of view |
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| neural pathway extending from occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or organizing objects. |
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| occipital to parietal that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space. |
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