Term
| first rule of cognitive psych |
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Definition
| people tend to be irrational |
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Term
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Definition
-our concepts simplify and order the world
-organize it into a hierarchy of categories
-building blocks of thinking |
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Definition
-concepts form around prototypes
-best example of category (bigger/smaller mugs) |
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Definition
rules of thumb that help in simplifying problems and brining solution w/ in reach
-little tricks, we all use them |
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Term
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Definition
judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they fit/represent particular prototypes
-if someone matches our prototype, we allow that to override considerations of statistics and logic |
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Term
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Definition
when we base judgments on availability of information in our memories
-if instances are easily available, come to mind readily, we presume such events are common
-the faster people can remember an instance of some event, the more they expect it to recur |
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Definition
way an issue is posed, framed, can significantly affect decision and judgments
-how you state a question affects the response
-how an issue is posed can affect voting |
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Term
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Definition
tendency to search for info that confirms our ideas
-irrational
-major obstacle of problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
clinging to ones initial conception after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
-ruining someone's reputation, then info is provided to discredit, but opinions continue |
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Definition
tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
-impediment to problem solving
-tend to not 'think outside the box' |
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Definition
| mind puts artificial boundaries |
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Definition
| tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our current knowledge |
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Term
thinking errors
black and white- |
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Definition
view situation only in 2 categories instead of on continuum
-borderline:do one thing wrong and they hate you |
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Term
thinking errors
catastrophizing- |
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Definition
predict the future negatively w/out considering other, more likely outcomes
-make mtns out of mole hills
-GAD (generalized anxiety disorder) |
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Term
thinking errors
discounting- |
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Definition
| unreasonably tell yourself that positive experiences, deeds or qualities do not count |
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Term
thinking errors
emotional reasoning- |
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Definition
think something must be true because you 'feel' it so strongly
-ignore evidence to the contrary |
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Term
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Definition
fixed global label on self or others without considering all evidence
-label individual and look for characteristics that confirm label
-dangerous labels: gifted, learning disabled, psychiatric patient, hyperactive child |
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Term
thinking errors
mind reading- |
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Definition
believe you know what others are thinking
-basically project you fears onto others |
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Term
thinking errors
personalization- |
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Definition
| believe others are behaving negatively because of you, without considering more likely explanations |
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