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Cognitive - Psych GRE
Cognitive - Psych GRE
75
Psychology
Graduate
02/11/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Ebbinghaus
Definition

used meaningless strings of letters to study memory capacity

person

Term
Titchener
Definition

used method of introspection to study higher mental processes in a lab setting - structuralism

person

Term
Chomsky
Definition

critiqued Skinner's book Verbal Behavior by saying language development is not due to reinforcement

person

Term
reaction time
Definition

elapsed time between stimulus presentation and subject's response

term

Term
eye movements
Definition

an 'on-line' measure of reading and language comprehension (measured as subject is performing the task)

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Term
method of savings/Ebbinghaus
Definition

after memorizing list, number of time had to reread list to rememorize it subtracted from number of trials for original memorization, divided by original number of trials, times 100

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Term
forgetting curve/Ebbinghaus
Definition

horizontal axis indicates number of days between time list was originally learned and time list was relearned, vertical axis indicates percent savings

term/person

Term
encoding
Definition

putting new information into memory

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Term
storage
Definition

retaining information over time

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Term
retrieval
Definition

recovering the information in memory

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Term
recall
Definition

independently reproducing information you have been previously exposed to

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Term
recognition
Definition

realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you've seen or heard before

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Term
generation-recognition
Definition

attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more than you can recall; model suggests that recall involves same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition

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Term
recency effect
Definition

words presented at the end of a list are remembered best

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Term
primacy effect
Definition

words presented at the beginning of a list are remembered second-best

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Term
clustering
Definition

when asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same recall category

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Term

stage theory of memory

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Definition

there are several different memory systems and each system has different function

term/systems in order

Term
iconic memory
Definition
another term for visual memory
Term
echoic memory
Definition
another term for auditory memory
Term
whole-report procedure
Definition

to test sensory memory capacity, subjects looked for fraction of a second at visual display of 9 items and then recalled as many as possible (usually around 4)

term

Term
partial-report procedure/Sperling
Definition

to test sensory memory, use 3x3 matrix of letters, but ask subjects to report only one row afterwards - subjects could recall any one row, so capacity is actually 9 items but limited by time to report

term/person

Term
short-term memory/20 seconds unrehearsed
Definition

link between rapidly changing sensory memory and more lasting long-term memory

term/time limit

Term
Miller/7 plus or minus 2 pieces
Definition

found limit to short term memory

person/limit

Term
long-term memory
Definition

permanent storehouse of experiences, knowledge, and skills

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Term
maintenance rehearsal
Definition

repeating information to keep it in short-term memory

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Term
elaborative rehearsal
Definition

organizing information and associating it with information already in long-term memory to get new information into long-term

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Term
procedural memory
Definition

remembering how things are done - part of long-term memory

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Term
declarative memory
Definition

where explicit information is stored

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Term
semantic memory
Definition

remembering general knowledge like meanings of words or concepts; part of declarative memory

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Term
episodic memory
Definition

remembering particular events you have personally experienced; part of declarative memory

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Term
short-term memory
Definition

encoding of verbal material for this type of memory is based on phonology or acoustics

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Term
long-term memory
Definition

encoding for this type of memory is based on meaning

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Term
semantic verification task
Definition

subjects are asked to indicate whether or not a simple statement presented is true or false - response latency is measured

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Term
spreading activation model/Collins and Loftus
Definition

semantic memory is organized into a map of interconnected concepts - the shorter the distance between two words, the closer the words are related in semantic memory

model/people

Term
semantic feature-comparison model/Smith Shoben Rips
Definition

semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; key is amount of overlap in the feature lists

term/people

Term
levels-of-processing theory/Craik and Lockart
Definition

challenges stage theory of memory - what determines how long you remember material is not what memory system it gets into, but the way in which you process material

term/people

Term
physical/visual, acoustical, semantic
Definition
levels in level-of-processing theory
Term
Paivio's dual-code hypothesis
Definition

abstract information tends to be encoded verbally, concrete information tends to be encoded visually and verbally

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Term
schemas
Definition

conceptual frameworks we use to organize knowledge (sometimes leads to distortions in memory)

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Term
decay theory
Definition

if the information in long-term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten

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Term
inhibition theory
Definition

forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between original learning and later attempted recall

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Term
proactive inhibition
Definition

part of inhibition theory - when what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later

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Term
retroactive inhibition
Definition

part of inhibition theory -when you forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new

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Term
encoding specificity
Definition

the assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding

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Term
state-dependent learning
Definition

suggests that recall will be better if your psychological or physical state at time of recall is same as state during memorization

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Term
mnemonic devices
Definition

techniques we use to improve the likelihood that we will remember something

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Term
chunking
Definition

grouping information together into meaningful groups to facillitate recall

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Term
method of loci
Definition

system of associating information with some sequence of places with which you are familiar

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Term
Sir Frederick Bartlett
Definition

studied memory in classic study using "War of the Ghosts," a Native American folktale - subjects reconstructed the story in line with their own expectations and schema for a ghost story

person

Term
Loftus
Definition

studied eyewitness memories and the tendency for eyewitnesses to be influenced or confused by misleading info - also studied accuracy of repressed memories that return later

person

Term
Zeigarnik effect
Definition

tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

term

Term
Luchins water-jar problem
Definition

in this task, subjects are presented with three empty jars, a list of capacities of each jar, and then asked to obtain particular amount of water in one of the jars

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Term
mental set
Definition

tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations

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Term
functional fixedness
Definition

people tend to get used to certain things having certain functions

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Term
creativity
Definition

a cognitive ability that results in new ways of viewing problems or situations

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Term
test of divergent thinking/Guilford
Definition

people are asked to produce as many creative answers to a question as possible - measures creativity

term/person

Term
heuristics
Definition

short-cuts and rules of thumb we can use in making decisions

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Term
availability heuristic
Definition

making decisions about frequencies based upon how easy it is to imagine the items involved

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Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition

categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical image of the category

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Term
base-rate fallacy
Definition

ignoring the numerical information about the items being referred to when categorizing them

term

Term
morphemes
Definition

smallest units of meaning in a language

term

Term
surface structure/Chomsky
Definition

actual order of words in a sentence

term/person

Term
deep structure/Chomsky
Definition

underlying form that specifies meaning of the sentence

person/term

Term
transformational rules/Chomsky
Definition

tell us how we can change from one sentence form to another (such as from a sentence in the active voice to one in the passive voice)

term/person

Term
Whorfian hypothesis
Definition

hypothesis that language determines how reality is perceived

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Term
Macoby and Jacklin
Definition

found evidence of better verbal abilities in girls

people

Term
Spearman
Definition

suggested that individual differences in intelligence are largely due to variations in the amount of a general, unitary factor called g

person

Term
primary mental abilities/Thurstone
Definition

seven mental abilities such as verbal comprehension, number ability, etc. - used factor analysis with factors more specific than g

term/person

Term
triarchic theory/Sternberg
Definition

there are three aspects to intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual

term/person

Term
theory of multiple intelligences/Gardner
Definition

Western culture values linguistic ability and logical mathematical ability over the five others, as they are abilities tested by IQ tests

term/person

Term
fluid intelligence/Cattell
Definition

mental ability that increases throughout childhood and adolescence, levels off in young adulthood, and begins stead decline with advanced age - ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make correct deductions from them

term/person

Term
crystallized intelligence/Cattell
Definition

mental ability that increases throughout lifespan - ability to understand relationships or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired as result of schooling or other life experiences

term/person

Term
Jensen
Definition

claimed that intelligence as measured by IQ tests was almost entirely genetic in nature and that you could not teach someone to score higher on IQ tests

person

Term
McClelland and Rumelhart
Definition

published two-volume book about parallel distributed processes (PDP), proposing that information processing is distributed across the brain and is done in a parallel fashion

people

Term
metamemory or metacognition
Definition

refers to the ability to reflect upon something - thinking about/monitoring memory or cognition

term

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