-Region of auditory cortex that surrounds and receives most of its input from the core,

-also receives some direct input from the medial geniculate

-difference between the images seen by the two eyes,

-the image that falls on each retina is slightly different since the eyes are positioned in different locations.

-Acts as a cue for depth persception

-Area in the retina where there are no photo receptors

-the point at which the ganglion cell fibers are gathered together in a bundle to exit the eye at the optic nerve 

areas in the retina where there are no photoreceptors

where ganglion cell fibers gather together to exit the aye at the optic nerve

-Receptive field structure of retinal ganglion cells and LGN cells

-light stimulation in the center excites cell firing, whereas light stimulation in the surround inhibits cell firing

- helps to enhance contrast

 -on center off surround receptive field 

-Spiral shaped inner ear structure containing the organ of corti that contains hair cells that translate sound energy into neural impulses,

-has a set of membranes that move in relation to one another when sound waves enter the ear

-Cells in the brainstem area take into account the different arrival times of a sound at the left and right ears

-maximally stimulated when the signals from the right and left ears arrive at the cell simultaneously

-Type of striate cortex cells

-respond best to certain line orientations and motion in particular direction

-cell responsiveness is modified by surrounding context

-information outside a cells receptive field cannot by itself cause the cell to fire

-such information can change the cells response when presented together with the cells favored stimulus

-Area of auditory cortex that receives input from the medial geniculate nucleus

-subdivided into areas A1 (primary auditory cortex) referred to as the rostral and rostrotemporal fields

-Describes the millimeters of cortical surface that are devoted to one degree of angle in the visual world

 -measure the preciseness of the striate cortex map that is retinotopically organized

-Part of a brain stem system that assists in computing spatial location based on inter-aural time differences

-signals representing incoming sounds travel along the delay lines

-with activity in the cells along the delay line representing different offsets of time between when a sound arrived at the left and right ears

-The retinas output layer of cells

-sends information from the eye to the brain

-axons are stretched from the retina to the brain forming the optic nerve

 -rods and cones are hooked up to this layer in different ways, many rods feed into each ganglion cell, but only a few cones feed into each cell

-Neural pathway

- enables the conscious experience of seeing

-90% of the optic nerve fibers project to this

-able to perceive color, and fine details we use to recognize the identity of objects 

-Cells in the inner ear that have tiny hairs called cilia sticking out of them

-movement of the cilia in response to sound vibrations ultimately causes the cell to shoot action potentials

-the axon of the hair cells synapse on spiral ganglion cells, which make up the auditory nerve

-Type of striate cortex cells that fire most strongly in response to lines of certain lengths

 -less picky about where the line is located

-do not have on and off regions

-show preference for lines moving in a certain direction 

-One of the two dorsal midbrain structures

-acts as a relay point for auditory information

-contributes to reflexive movements of the head and eyes in response to sound 

-Difference in the intensity of sound reaching each ear

-one of the cues that the brain uses to analyze the spatial location of sound source 

-Differences in time at which sound reaches each ear

- one of the cues that the brain uses to analyze the spatial location of a sound source

-Complex layered structure in the thalamus

-receives visual information from the retina and sends information on to the striate cortex

 -6 layers stacked into bent into a knee shape

-each layer receives information from the contra lateral visual field consisting of the left and right eye

M cells

-Retinal cells

-form functional pathways with similarly named cells in the thalamus 

 -receives input primarily rods 

-sensitive to light ,moving stimuli ,coarse patterns

-Retinal cells

-form functional pathways with similarly named cells in the thalamus 

 -receives input primarily from cones 

-sensitive to color and fine detail

-Structure in the thalamus

-acts as a stopover point in the pathway relaying auditory information to the cortex

-Crossover point where some information from the left eye is transmitted to the right side of the brain

-Test procedure in which the participant must choose which of the two test items does not match the previously shown sample item and the test items to assess working memory

 -provides evidence that dorsal and ventral streams are crucial for spatial understanding and object recognition 

-Region of auditory cortex that surrounds the belt

-receives input from the belt and the medial geniculate

-Sensory receptors in the eye called rods and cones which contain pigments that absorb light

 -120 million rods and 6 million cones

-every cell in the visual system has this property

- refers to the specific region of visual space to which a particular cell responds

-not a part of the cell...a apart of visual space in which light will affect the cells firing rate

-Structure at the back of the eye that registers light and processes visual information before sending it on to the brain

 -extension of the brain

- visual information is mapped onto brain tissue following the same spatial layout as visual information reaching the retina itself

-such that neighboring regions of the brain tissue process information from neighboring regions on the retina

 -the spatial information coded by the retina does not get all jumbled up when it arrives at the LGN

-Blind spots

-particular regions of the visual field in which light/dark contrast cannot be detected

-Caused buy damage to small portions of the visual cortex

-Types of striate cortex cells

-responsive to bars of light oriented in particular ways

 -receptive field is bar shaped with an excitatory center and inhibitory surround 

-Neural pathway from the retina to the superior colliculus to the pulvinar of the thalamus

-allows quick orientation to important visual information

-especially sensitive to motion and appearance of novel objects in the visual periphery 

 -working in the kitchen and see a dark figure about before even realizing its a bat

-difficulty in forming a percept( mental impression of something perceived by the senses)

 -although sensory information is processed in a basic way the data cannot be bound together to allow the person to receive a meaningful whole 

 -the person can tell color brightness line orientation and motion but can not out these things together as a whole

 -this and 7415

-Basic visual information can be integrated to form a meaningful perceptual whole

-yet that particular perceptual whole cannot be linked to stored knowledge about the object

 -can see and copy an image but can not copy the image from memory, but they can give a definition, they can even find identical objects from a set of similar objects 

-Inability to recognize or identify a certain category of objects

 -the ability to recognize other categories of items in the same modality is retained 

 -unable to identify fruits and veggies but can identify human made objects

-Condition of being face blind from birth without any known brain damage

  -they build up other ways and strategies to recognize people like voices and style of movement 

-Visual process by which an object is distinguished from its background and surroundings 

 -color of a car against a brick building 

-There is a particular cell in the ventral processing stream whose job is to fire when you see a particular object or person

 -extreme version of sparse coding 

- recognition is poorer when an object is turned upside down

 -thought to reflect the disruption to which recognition of the object relies on configural relationships

-Affects the ability to attach meaning to verbal and non verbal sounds

 -person can determine whether two sounds are identical or different and whether one sound is louder then the other

-Characterized by inability to attach meaning to non verbal sounds although the ability to attach meaning to words is in tact

 -car horn walking down the street

-Theory that the pattern of activity across a large population of cells codes for information

- such as particular movements and individual objects 

  -the same cells participate in coding for different objects cells 1-10 are all used in coding apple and oranges but the patterns between them are different for each object 

-original representation of objects in the visual system that distinguishes dark from light regions

-allows for simple grouping of regions by gestalt principles

-inability to recognize the identity of faces or to differentiate among them

-the ability to recognize other objects in visual modality is  retained 

 -They may be able to tell you the age and or gender of the face

 -most cases are acquired with brain damage this is developed 

- region of visual space to which a particular cell responds or is sensitive

-a part of visual space in which light will affect the cells firing rate

 -cells in primary visual cortex have very small receptive fields

-cells farther along the ventral visual processing stream respond to larger areas of space

-Theory that a small but specific group of cells responds to the presence of a given object 

 -each object would excite a small set of cells and that would represent the object in our perception 

 -cell 3 fires when an apple is present and cell 9 when an orange is present 

-A person can form a percept from tactile information but can not link the percept to its symbolic meaning 

 -small medal object big up top and jagged in the edge can not be linked to a key

-Areas of the occipital occipitotemporal and temporal regions that are devoted to processing visual stimuli

-portion of the brain that is especially well suited for object recognitions

-Auditory words can not be understood

-ability to attach meaning to nonverbal sounds is intact as are other aspects of language processing

 -people sound like foreigners 

-Representation of visual information from the vantage point of the viewer

-multiple stored representations of objects, each from a distinct viewpoint are proposed to be translated to allow the recognition of objects from any particular viewpoints 

 -the system may take a guess to what the object is compared to a stored representation and form a hypothesis  - depends heavily on stored representations 

-Inability to recognize objects in visual modality that cannot be explained by other causes such as blindness, memory problems and so on

 -a dog can not be seen but can be described by smell and touch and sound

-Region in the retina where the cones are packed more densely

-provides for the highest degree of visual activity