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| Situated before the synapse with respect to the information flow. Ex: the axon |
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| Being located after the synapse with respect to infomation flow. Ex: dendrites |
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| Chemical substances that transmit the signal between neurons at chemical synapses. Enables communication between neurons. |
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| Has only one process extending away from the cell body; it can branch to form dendrites and axon terminals-a pattern common in invertabrate nervous systems. |
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| Participate in sensory processes: convey information in the auditory, visual and olfactory systems, have two processes, one axon, and one dendrite. |
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| Have the appearance of unipolar neurons but were originally bipolar sensory neurons whose dendrites and axon have fused. Ex: dorsal-root ganglia of the spinal cord. They are somatosensory cells that convey information from receptors in joints, muscles, and skin to the central nervous system. |
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| Have one axon but have a few or many dendrites emerging from their cell bodies. Ex: spinal motor neurons, cortical sensory neurons (stellate cells, pyramidal neurons), and some in the autonomic nervous system. |
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| More numerous than neurons and may account for more than half of the brain's volume. They are in central and peripheral nervous system and are known as the "nerve glue" and are essential in neural comminication. |
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| Round or radially symmetrical forms. They surround neurons and come in close contact with the brain's vasculature. Make contact with blood vessels at the "end feet," which permit the astrocyte to transport ions across the vascular wall and create the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB protects the central nervous system from blood-borne agents or chemical compounds. |
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| Microglial Cells (Glial Cells) |
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| Small and irregularly shaped, they come into play when tissue is damaged. They devour and remove damaged cells and are found infested in damaged tissue. They can proliferate even in adults. |
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| Formed by glial cells. It's a fatty substance that surrounds the axons of many neurons. Oligodendrocytes form myelin in the central nervous system while Schwann cells form it in the peripheral nervous system. It is created when these glial cells wrap their cell membranes around the axon during development and maturation and the cytoplasm is squeezed out and forms a lipid bilayer. |
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| Where the myelin is interrupted and important membrane specializations permit the generation of electrical signals (action potentials). |
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| Has several requirements, the primary one being energy. It is either chemical or physical. |
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| The sensory receptor region of a neuron. Spike refers to the action potential. |
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| A bilayer of lipid molecules that separates intracellular space from extracellular space. It is made of lipids and therefore does not dissolve in the watery environment. The membrane does not allow some things to cross through it (ions, proteins, pretty much anything that dissolves in water). |
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| Resting Membrane Potential |
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| The difference in voltage across the neural membrane. |
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| Formed by transmembrane proteins that create pores (passageways across the membrane) through which ions of sodium, potassium, and chloride can pass.Some channels are gated and some are nongated (always open to certain channels). |
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| The extent to which the membrane allows ions to pass. The membrane itself is really impermeable, some ion channels allow ions to move from inside to outside or vice versa (more permeable to potassium than to sodium and chloride and are therefore thought to be selectively permeable). |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| Energy-storing molecules that provide fuel that the neurons use to operate these small transmembrane pumps. The pumps are actually enzymes located in the neuronal membrane, can break a chemical bond in the ATP molcule and release energy that moves Na out of the cell and K into the cell. |
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| Results from the gradient pushing K out of the cell, in opposition to the ionic gradient with respect to K. Eventually they form electrochemical equilibrium. |
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| Derived from principles of physical chemistry and thermodynamics. For K it is Ek=(RT/zF)loge([K+]o/[K+]i). |
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| Current flows across the postsynaptic membrane in a localized region, resulting in current that is passively conducted throughout the neurons. They can be depolarizations (make the inside of the cell positive, more likely to reach action potentials) or hyperpolarizations (make the inside of the cell less positive and less likely to generate action potentials). |
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| The action potential jumps along the axon from node to node. |
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| Specialized ion channels that mediate signals at synapses. |
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| It is a self-regenerating wave of electrochemical activity that allows nerve cells to carry a signal over a distance. It is the primary electrical signal generated by nerve cells, and arises from changes in the permeability of the nerve cell's axonal membranes to specific ions. Action potentials (also known as nerve impulses or spikes) are pulse-like waves of voltage that travel along several types of cell membranes. |
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IPS maintains retrospective code of potentially relevant locations? FEF maintains prospective memory for a planned action (fig 3: increasing
activity in contralateral hemisphere when location of target is determined) |
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| BOLD activity in FFA and PPA tracks with awareness, discrepant visual input is resolved somewhere between primary visual cortex and high-level vision, BOLD activity in FFA and PPA during rivalrous perception is similar to non-rivalrous perception suggests that unperceived visual information may be “lost” at early stages of visual perception |
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attention to a spatial location leads to increased contrast sensitivity / lower contrast threshold, neurons in lateral intraparietal area (LIP) have spatial receptive fields, behavioral benefits of attention to a spatial location are associated with activity in LIP
neurons with receptive fields in that spatial location, LIP neurons appear to code information about where in space an animal is attending to or monitoring, seems to be the external spatial location falling within the receptive fields of the most active LIP neurons, even of other neurons are above baseline firing rates, spatial location of current attention cannot be determined by looking at one neuron. it is the set of neurons with greatest activity at point in time that determine the locus of attention, LIP may contain a “map” of the spatial environment and codes for the current behavioral importance or relevance of different spatial locations |
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FFA activity may reflect expertise, not specialization for
face processing, Bird and Car experts show increased FFA activity when viewing birds or cars, respectively |
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| there is no correlation between people’s stated preference and their behavioral preference for anonymous drinks, activity for people with behavioral preference for Coke is higher when they receive Coke than Pepsi, and vice versa, knowledge of soda identity can influence behavioral preference, separate brain systems might mediate responses to “pure” sensory experiences (VMPFC; anonymous group) and experiences where sensory information interacts with knowledge and expectations (DLPFC, hippocampus). |
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| Mimed vs. nonmimed action of picking something up and neuronal firing |
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| Increased activity observed in ACC during high conflict trials, Level of ACC activity on previous trial predicted degree of behavioral adjustment on current trial, Right dorsolateral PFC activity was higher in high adjustment trials compared to low adjustment trials, ACC activity on previous trial predicts PFC activity on current trial, detection of conflict (ACC) -> engage control processes (PFC) |
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Subsequent memory paradigm is a method for studying the formation of memories (encoding), Do medial temporal lobe structures make different
contributions to memory? Perirhinal cortex: supports item or object-based memory encoding, hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex: involved in associative or contextual memory encoding |
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