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Cognitive Disorders
cognitive, sensory, reproductive
18
Nursing
Graduate
04/29/2012

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Cards

Term
Delirium S & S
Definition
Diminished alertness and clarity of thinking
Attention deficits: Impaired ability to maintain focus and process information
Cognition deficits: Recent memory impairment and disorientation
Perceptional deficits: Illusions and hallucinations
Term
Delirium Medication
Definition
Management of underlying physiological dysfunction is key intervention.
Cautious use of medications for symptom management.
Term
Dementia Definition
Definition
Chronic, progressive mental disorder characterized by deficits in intellectual abilities including memory, judgment, and abstract thinking.
Term
Dementia Types
Definition
Alzheimer Disease
Vascular Dementia
Degenerative Dementia
Parkinson's Disease
Term
Delirium Definition
Definition
An acute organic mental disorder with a specific precipitating stressor characterized by a cluster of cognitive impairments.
Term
Delirium Neurobiology
Definition
Disturbance in cerebral metabolism caused by major physiological dysfunction
Term
Alzheimer Neurobiology
Definition
Extracellular Amyloid-Beta Protein Plaques leading to secondary inflammation and neuron cell death
Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles
Plaques and tangles may be due to ischemic insults of cerebrovascular disease (?)
Decreased acetylcholine synthesis
Term
Vascular Dementia Neurobiology
Definition
Large cortical cerebral artery infarctions
Small cerebral artery infarctions in the hippocampus, basal ganglion, caudate, thalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem
Chronic subcortical ischemia from arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Small cerebral microbleeds
Term
Dementia S & S
Definition
Organic Triad Deficit: Memory, judgment, orientation
Behavior regression
Difficulty adapting to change
Decrease in complex, abstract thinking
Labile or blunted affect

Hoarding
Confabulation
Illusions
Paranoid delusions
Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Aware of own behavior changes
Sundowning
Term
Alzheimer vs Vascular Descriptions
Definition
Hoarding Confabulation Illusions Paranoid delusions Aphasia Apraxia Agnosia Aware of own behavior changes TIA Ataxia Headache Fatigue
Term
Dementia Memory Loss
Definition
Declarative memory: Fact and events
Loss of recent recall occurs first, then loss of immediate recall, and finally loss of more distant memories.

Procedural and motor memory loss occurs later
Term
Types of Declarative Memory
Definition
Episodic (specific events)
Immediate recall (pre-frontal cortex)
Recent recall (hippocampus)
Memory of more distance events
Semantic (vocabulary and concepts)
Term
Alzheimer Disease: Medications
Definition
Mild to Moderate Stage: Cholinesterase inhibitors

Moderate to Severe Stage: Namenda (Memantine)

A 2010 Phase II clinical trial with 104 subjects demonstrated an insulin (20 IU) nasal spray resulted in improved memory and general cognition.
Term
Cholinesterase Inhibitors for AD: MOA & Ex
Definition
Result in increased acetylcholine

Galantamine (Razadyne)
Rivastigmine (Exelon)
Donepezil (Aricept)
Become less effective as disease progresses
Term
Cholinesterase Inhibitors for AD: Side Effects
Definition
GI: N & V, diarrhea, anorexia
CV: Dizziness, syncope, bradycardia
Other: Incontinence, leg cramps, sleep disturbance
Term
Namenda (Memantine) for AD: MOA & Side Effects
Definition
N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist.
By blocking this glutamate receptor site, it decreases the toxic effect associated with excess glutamate which in excess increases cell death.
HA, constipation, hypertension, fatigue
Term
Vascular Dementia Medications*

The FDA has not, as yet, approved any medications for the treatment of vascular dementia. However, a number of medications used to treat the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer Disease appear to work for vascular dementia, too.
Definition
Pentoxifylline and, to a more limited extent, ergoloid mesylates (Hydergine), may be useful for increasing cerebral blood flow.
Statins may decrease the risk for vascular dementia.
ASA may decrease inflammation associated with disease process.
Term
Medication to Treat Symptoms of Dementia
Definition
Antianxiety medications
Mood stabilizers
Antidepressants
Antipsychotic medications
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