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Cognitive Behavioral
Final
460
Psychology
Graduate
04/23/2010

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Term
What is a theory?
Definition
A well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena.
Term
Why was classical and operant conditioning studied originally?
Definition
To study the effects of stimuli on behavior.
Term
What was there a movement awar from, and where did it move toward?
Definition
Movement away from counting on introspection (simply asking people to report on their internal experiences) and toward a systematic and precise evaluation and testing of theories.
Term
Who was Pavlov?
Definition
A Russian physiologist who studied salvation in dogs?
Term
What did Thorndike do?
Definition
He used classical conditioning with cats and puzzle boxes which led to the Law of Effect.
Term
Who developed the Law of Effect? What is the Law of Effect?
Definition
Thorndike.
Law of Effect: Behavior followed with some sort of reinforcement to increase behavior.
Term
What type of conditionng did Pavlov use?
Definition
Classical conditioning.
Term
What was the Law of Effect a precursor to?
Definition
Operant Conditioning.
Term
Who is considered the "Father of Behaviorism"?
Definition
Watson.
Term
Who claimed A--> S --> R?
Definition
Skinner.
Term
Who shifted from stimulus-response to response-stimulus?
Definition
Pavlov.
Term
What is Watson famous for?
Definition
Proving that emotions may be conditioned.
Term
This person developed Systematic desensitization.
Definition
Joseph Vulpe.
Term
What is systematic desensitization?
Definition
*Based on classical conditioning.
*Pairing competing responses together (e.g. relaxation).
Term
What was the Bobo doll representative of? Who used this? What is unique about this?
Definition
*Modeling. *Bandura. *Reinforcement is not required --> children may learn simply by observing.
Term
What is Social Learning Theory? Who is credited with contributing to SLT with his studies?
Definition
*Focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context through modeling and observing others. *Bandura
Term
Name four types of today's therapies.
Definition
1. Exposure therapy. 2. Anabuse. 3. Aversion therapy. 4. Token economy.
Term
Give an example of classical conditioning using an air horn.
Definition
NS (counting) --> UCS (air horn) --> UCR (startle, fear) --> CS (counting) --> CR (anxiety)
Term
What is classical conditioning?
Definition
1. Occurs when a UCS, which always results in a UCR, is 2. Paired with a NS 3. Resulting in the NS becoming a 4. CS that elicits a CR on its own (without the presence of the US)
Term
Define the five parts of classical conditioning.
Definition
1. Neutral Stimulus: Stimulus that evokes no response. 2. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): Stimulus that always elicits a reflex response without learning (e.g. poison). 3. Unconditioned Response (UCR): Response to US that always occurs without learning (e.g. vomiting) 4. Conditioned stimulus (CS): Formerly neutral stimulus that, through association learning has come to elicit a CR resembling the UCR. 5. Conditioned Response (CR): Response to CS that is similar (but usually weaker) than UCR.
Term
Give an example of extinction, using an air horn.
Definition
1-2-3-4 (CS) without air horn (US) until 1-2-3-4 no longer elicits (CR) anxiety (but is not unlearned).
Term
Give an example of spontaneous recovery.
Definition
Following extinction, anxiety returns in response to 1-2-3-4, though less intense and will again disappear.
Term
Give an example of generalization.
Definition
5-6-7-8; a-b-c-d; 4-3-2-1 also cause anxiety.
Term
Give an example of discrimination.
Definition
Only 1-2-3-4, NOT 5-6-7-8, etc. cause anxiety.
Term
What is higher order conditioning?
Definition

Condition fear to a neutral stimulus WITHOUT pairing it with the UCS (air horn).

1-2-3-4 + air horn = fear

1-2-3-4 = fear

1-2-3-4 + knock knock = fear

knock knock = fear

Term
Name 5 "complexities" of conditioning.
Definition
1. Higher order/second order conditioning. (eg pairing UCS with another stimulus, then removing 1st UCS)
2. Sensory Preconditioning: Difference in order.
3. Autoshaping: Type of classical conditionng (eg. Pigeon presented with stimulus --> Illuminated --> present food without respondent behavior--> pigeon begins to peck at disk when disk is illuminated.
4. Pseudoconditioning: Appears to be conditioning, but is NOT; mere exposure to a UCS --> an increase in responses to a CS, even if never paired/conditioned.
5. Sensitization: Mere exposure to a CS causes an increase response (desensitization and habituation)
Term
List four factors that affect conditioning WRT Time.
Definition
1. Delay: CS ends with presentation of US.
2. Trace: CS ends. Time. US presented.
3. Simultaneous: CS + US at same time.
4. Backward: US, then CS (eg. taste aversion)
Term
What are the strongest types of conditioning?
Definition
1. Delay: CS ends with presentation of US.
2. Trace: CS ends. Time. US presented.
Term
Are spcaed or massed trials better? Why? What is most important? What is the exception?
Definition
Spaced BC allows rehearsal of information. Ratio is most important. Exception = duration of time between trials.
Term
List the 5 factors that affect conditioning.
Definition
1. Time.
2. Novelty/previous exposure (if exposure is novel --> stronger conditioning; eg latent inhibition: previous exposure to 1-2-3-4 could interfere with conditioning)
3. Intensity (CS & CR important "salience": not too strong/weak)
4. Contingency: Paired together EVERYtime
5. Number of pairing: More = stronger
Term
Is pairing NS with US enought to produce conditioning? Why or why not?
Definition
No. CS needs to provide new information abut US.
CS predicts high or low probability of US.
*Blocking Effect: 1-2-3-4+AH = fear, 1-2-3-4+AH+light=fear BUT 1-2-3-4+light = 0 (no conditioning)
Term
Give an example of extinction, using an air horn.
Definition
1-2-3-4 (CS) without air horn (US) until 1-2-3-4 no longer elicits (CR) anxiety (but is not unlearned)
Term
Give an example of spontaneous recovery.
Definition
Following extinction, anxiety returns in response to 1-2-3-4, though less intense and will again disappear.
Term
Give an example of generalization.
Definition
5-6-7-8; a-b-c-d; 4-3-2-1 also cause anxiety.
Term
Give an example of discrimination.
Definition
Only 1-2-3-4 causes anxiety.
Term
Define Higher order conditioning and give an example using an air horn.
Definition
Condition fear to a neutral stimulus WITHOUT pairing it with the UCS (air horn):
1-2-3-4 + air horn = fear
1-2-3-4 = fear
1-2-3-4+knock knock=fear
Term
How is sensory preconditioning different from higher order conditioning?
Definition
Difference in order:
1-2-3-4+knock knock = 0
1-2-3-4+air horn = fear
Knock knock = ?
Term
What is autoshaping?
Definition
*A type of classical conditioning.
ex. Pigeon is presented with a stimulus (disk) and given food anytimne disk is illuminated WITHOUT giving respondent behavior.
*After multiple pairings, pigeons peck diesk anytime it is illuminated, even though don't NEED to do it to get food --> Will even do this if it makes it impossible to get food
Term
What is pseudoconditioning?
Definition
Mere exposure to a UCS causes an increased response to a CS, even if the two were never paired/conditioned (eg. following exposure to air horn, you flinch/feel nervous in response to some stimulus, like a light).
Term
Describe sensitization.
Definition
Mere exposure to a CS causes an increased response (eg. 1-2-3-4 causes response without being paired).
*Affected by:
1. Time
2. Novelty/Previous exposure
3. Intensity.
4. Contingency.
5. Number of pairings.
Term
Name five factors that affect conditioning.
Definition
1. Time
2. Novelty/previous exposure
3. Intensity
4. Contingency
5. Number of pairings
Term
What are four factors WRT time that affect conditioning?
Definition
1. Delay: CS ends with presentation of US.
2. Trace: CS ends. Time. US presented.
3. Simultaneous: CS and US presented at same time.
4. Backward: US presented before CS (eg. taste aversion)
Term
What type of conditioning is better (spaced or massed)? Why? What is the exception? What is the most important?
Definition
Allows rehearsal of information.
Unless duration of trial = time between trials.
Ratio is most important.
Term
What is operant conditioning?
Definition
Consequences that follow a behavior that increse or decrease the likelihood of the behavior happening again.
Term
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Definition
(+): Add something desirable to increase behavior in the future.
(-): Remove something adversive to increse behavior in the future.
Term
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
Definition
(+): Add something to decrease behavior.
(-): Remove something to decrease behavior.
Term
What are the contingencies of reinforcement?
Definition
Antecedents: occur before and influence behavior.
Behavior: Actions/inaction
Consequences: what occurs following behavior.
Term
Name three types of antecedents. Why are they important? Are they always required?
Definition
1. Setting events: Conclusions related to environment in general (includes mood) that affect behavior.
2. Prompts: Specific events (verbal, visual, physical) that alter behavior.
3. Differential reinforcement: Reinforcing a response in some situations, but not others (behavior response is differentially controlled by antecedents --> stimulus control)
*play a major role: Without them, desired behavior may not occur. Most fade out over time, with reinforcement taking over.
Term
What are low and high probability requests? How do you increase them?
Definition
Likelihood of getting compliance. If LP are embedded in HP, likelihood increases.
Term
____ and ______ don't create behavior, only increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors that are already present.
Definition
Antecedents and consequences.
Term
What is shaping?
Definition
Reinforcing successive approximations of a targe behavior and ignoring non-approximations.
*At first, reinforce ANYthing that approaches goal, but once poriton is accomplished, only reinforce when they move closer to the goal.
Term
What is chaining? What is it similar to? Name two types of chaining.
Definition
Sequence of responses in order.
*Shaping
*FOrward: Develop each behavior in a sequence in a forward order: Teach step one, reinforce multiple times, then do steps 1&2
Backward: Develop responses starting with last one first.
Term
What is the benefit of backward chaining?
Definition
Last response is clower to reinforcer.
Term
How do shaping and chaining differ?
Definition
Chaining: All steps are reinforced
Shaping: Only final step.
Term
What is the difference between primary and conditioned reinforcers?
Definition
*Primary: Unlearned (food, water)
*Conditioned: Learned (Money, praise, grades --> may be +/-, based on experience)
Term
What is extinction?
Definition
*Reduction/elimination of response.
*Occurs when no consequence follows response (ignoring previously attended to behavior --> slot machine no longer gives $)
Term
How is extinction different from punishment?
Definition
*Extinction: removal of consequence
*Punishment: Consequence added or removed.
Term
Give an example of the two types of generalization, using a child.
Definition
1. Stimulus: Behavior that is reinforced and increases in one setting, increases in other settings eg. child sitting in seat at dinner table --> school)
2. Response: Change behavior other than target behavior (child reinforced for singing begins to clap and sing as well)
Term
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Definition
*Classical: Response controlled by antecedent stimulus (biologically based, start as UR)
*Operant: Response controlled by responses that follow.
Term
Antecedent _____ affect whether a reinforcer works, but is _______.
Definition
stimulus; not solely responsible for conditioning
Term
What is a functional analysis?
Definition
A SYSTEMATIC evaluation (assessment) of antecedents and consequences responsible for maintaining behavior.
*Provides "roadmap" for intervention.
Term
What are the steps of a functional analysis?
Definition
1. Assessment: Evaluation
2. Development and evaluation of hypotheses about ABCs: Function of problem -->1)Social: +/- reinforcement; 2)Automatic: +/- reinforcment
3)Intervention
4) Continued Assessment
Term
What are the steps of a functional analysis?
Definition
1. Assessment: Evaluation
2. Development and evaluation of hypotheses about ABCs: Function of problem -->1)Social: +/- reinforcement; 2)Automatic: +/- reinforcment
3)Intervention
4) Continued Assessment
Term
What are the steps of a functional analysis?
Definition
1. Assessment: Evaluation
2. Development and evaluation of hypotheses about ABCs: Function of problem -->1)Social: +/- reinforcement; 2)Automatic: +/- reinforcment
3)Intervention
4) Continued Assessment
Term
List three methods of assessment.
Definition
1. Indirect: Interviews and questionnaires.
2. Direct: Observational.
3. Experience: Manipulate antecedents and consequences.
Term
____ is the process to identify the As and Cs of behavior.
Definition
Assessment
Term
What are the benefits and drawbacks of indirect assessment?
Definition
*Benefits:
1. Ease
2. Time
*Drawbacks:
1. Memory may be biased.
2. Interference
Term
What are the benefits and drawbacks of direct assessment?
Definition
*Benefits:
1. No issues with memory bias.
2. Drawbacks:
1. Time
2. Effort
3. Demonstrate correlational, not necessarily functional relationships (social desirability, acting out)
Term
What are the benefits and drawbacks of experimental assessment?
Definition
*Benefits:
1. Demonstrates funtional relationship.
2. Provides direction for intervention.
*Drawbacks:
1. Time
2. Effort
3. Professional experience required.
4. Range of factors may influence behavior.
5. Identification doesn't guarantee intervention (eg. importance of peers in relationship)
Term
What is the most common type of assessment used?
Definition
Indirect.
Term
Name the "real" functional analysis.
Definition
Experimental assessment.
Term
Name three types of methodology/design for FA.
Definition
1. Single case experiment: Monitor problem behavior during baseline.
2. ABAB: Reversal.
3. Multiple baseline: Examine many behaviors of one subject (in different settings, if desired)
Term
Describe case formulation.
Definition
Hypotheses about causes, precipitants, and influence of a person's psychological, interpersonal and behavioral problems.
Term
_____ is good when there are multiple problem areas.
Definition
Case formulation.
Term
Behavior is not ______.
Definition
Idiographic (one size fits all)
Term
____________ focuses on classical and operant conditioning and guides the basis for treatment plan.
Definition
Behavioral case formulation
Term
WRT Assumptions, there is a focus on: (three things)
Definition
1. Person in context/environment/people around them.
2. Current behavior: Past behavior can't be undone, but new learning can occur --> Focus on current factors that are maintaining the behavior.
3. Absence of healthy alternative behaviors and development: BC maladaptive behavior may be due to lack of skills
Term
How many items should be included on the problem list?
Definition
<10; 5-8 ideal
Term
During behavioral case formulation, it is necessary to: (three things0
Definition
1. Listen to language.
2. Look for underlying meaning.
3. Identify themes: As and Cs
4. Do assessments.
Term
What kind of conditioning is the token economy?
Definition
Operant conditioning.
Term
What kind of conditioning si anabuse?
Definition
Operant and classical conditioning.
Term
How does latent inhibition affect conditioning?
Definition
Previous exposure to 1-2-3-4 could interfere with conditioning, due to a lack of attention/habituation to CS
Term
Describe novelty/previous exposure WRT factors affecting conditioning.
Definition
If CS = Novel; Condition = stronger.
-Latent inhibition: Previous exposure to 1-2-3-4 could interfere with conditioning, due to a lack of attention/habituation to CS (decreases strength)
-e.g. Knock know w/out air horn --> Knowledge no air horn
Term
How is intensity related to factors that affect conditioning?
Definition
CS & CR are important --> "salience"
-e.g. Air horn v. Car horn; Bright light v. soft light
-BUT, if too strong, NS is not neutral --> Becomes US
Term
Describe a contingency WRT conditioning.
Definition
1-2-3-4 & Air horn paired every time.
Term
How does the number of pairings affect conditioning?
Definition
More = Stonger
-However, 1 may be sufficient.
Term
Describe the Blocking Effect.
Definition
1-2-3-4 + AH = Fear
1-2-3-4 +Air Horn+ light = Fear
BUT 1-2-3-4 + light = 0 (No conditioning BC redundant --> Didn't add new information)
Term
Define operant conditioning.
Definition
Consequences that follow behavior increase or decrease the likelihood that behavior will occur again.
Term
If 1-2-3-4 is paired an equal number of times with an air horn that it is presented without the air horn, with conditioning occur?
Definition
no
Term
How can you tell if something is reinforcement or punishment?
Definition
Reinforcement ALWAYS INCREASES behavior.
Punishment ALWAYS DECREASES behavior.
Term
___ ___ is when something desirable is added following behavior to increase the behavior in the future.
Definition
Positive reinforcement.
Term
___ ___ is when something aversive is removed following behavior to increase behavior in the future.
Definition
Negative reinforcement.
Term
___ ____ is something undesirable added to decrease behavior.
Definition
Positive punishment.
Term
___ _____ is something desirable is removed to decrease behavior.
Definition
Negative punishment.
Term
The contingencies of reinforcement are based on ____.
Definition
Reinforcement.
Term
Name two antecedents.
Definition
1. Setting events: Conditions related to environment in general (may also be influenced by mood) that affect behavior.
2. Prompts: Specific events (verbal, visual, physical) that alter behavior.
Term
Give some examples of prompts.
Definition
-Instructions
-Modeling
-Requests
-Reminders
-Gestures
Term
Give some examples of Setting Events.
Definition
-Irritability
-Hearing bad news
-Hunger
-VEGAS
Term
What takes over when antecedents fade out?
Definition
Reinforcement.
Term
High v. low probability requests = ?
Definition
Likelihood of getting compliance.
Term
What is Differential Reinforcement?
Definition
Reinforcing a response in some situations, but not in others.
Term
____ or _____ predicts the likelihood of consequence and becomes a discriminative stimulus.
Definition
Situation.
Stimulus.
Term
Situation or stimulus predicts the likelihood of consequence and becomes a _________.
Definition
Discriminative stimulus
Term
For non reinforcement, situation of stimulus predicts the likelihood of consequence and becomes _____.
Definition
Nondiscriminative
Term
When behavioral responses are directly controlled by antecedents, this is called _______.
Definition
stimulus control
Term
When at a bar with bf/gf, and people are less likely to pick up on you, this is called _______.
Definition
stimulus control
Term
______ only increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors that are already present.
Definition
As and Cs (Antecedents and Consequences)
Term
Reinforcing _______ of a target behavior and ignoring _______ is called shaping.
Definition
successive approximations
Term
_____ occurs when successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced, and non-approximations are ignored.
Definition
Shaping
Term
Reinforcing ______ and ignoring ______ of a target behavior are part of shaping.
Definition
successive approximations; non-approximations
Term
A _________ is a sequence of responses in order.
Definition
behavioral chain
Term
_____ is developing responses in the order they are to occur.
Definition
Forward chaining
Term
How does forward chaining occur?
Definition
1. Teach one step and reinforce multiple times.
2. Add step two and reinforce after both occur together.
Term
How does backward chaining occur?
Definition
Start with last response first to develop responses.
Term
______ only increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors that are already present.
Definition
As and Cs (Antecedents and Consequences)
Term
A _________ is a sequence of responses in order.
Definition
behavioral chain
Term
What is the difference between shaping and chaining?
Definition
1. Shaping: one final behavior and all successive approximations are extinguished by the end.
2. Chaining: Develops each step in a chain and all behaviors are still present at the end.
Term
Which is more common: Shaping or chaining?
Definition
Shaping
Term
_____ can be used in chaining.
Definition
Shaping
Term
Both shaping and chaining typically used in _________.
Definition
developing target behaviors.
Term
What are primary reinforcers and punishers?
Definition
Unlearned (food, water, pain, noise)
Term
Whare are conditioned reinforcers and punishers?
Definition
Learned (money, praise, grades, negative evaluation, nagging)
Term
Define extinction.
Definition
The reduction or elimination of a response. It occurs when no consequence follows response (ignoring previously attended to behavior; slot machine no longer gives money)
Term
Name the factors of classical conditioning
Definition
1. Response is controlled by antecedent stimulus.
2. Biologically absed (BC start as UR)
Term
Name the factors of operant conditioning.
Definition
1. Response controlled by consequences that follow.
2. Antecedent stimulus affects whether reinforcer works, but is not solely responsible for the conditioning
Term
Can classical and operant conditioning occur together?
Definition
Yes - and they often do!
-e.g. 1. traumatic experience with dog may result in conditioned fear of dogs (CC)-
2. Avoiding/escaping dogs or dog environments thereafter is negatively reinforced BC eliminates fear.
Term
Can classical and operant conditioning occur together?
Definition
Yes - and they often do!
-e.g. 1. traumatic experience with dog may result in conditioned fear of dogs (CC)-
2. Avoiding/escaping dogs or dog environments thereafter is negatively reinforced BC eliminates fear.
Term
What is the general purpose of functional analysis
Definition
Provides a roadmap for intervention
Term
Name the steps of a functional analysis
Definition
1. Assessment.
2. Development and evaluation of hypotheses about ABCs.
3. Intervention.
4. Continued assessment
Term
What are the two functions of problem behavior?
Definition
1. Social.
2. Automatic.
Term
Name 7 pieces of information that should be obtained in the interview
Definition
1. Whether there is knowledge of a functional alternative (socially appropriate behavior/skills that might be substituted for the same function)
2. History of behavior and treatment programs attempted.
-Definition of:
3. Behaviors.
4. Ecological events that may affect behavior.
5. Events and situations that predict behavior.
-Identification of:
6. Function of undesirable behavior (what consequences maintain it?)
7. Potential reinforcers.
Term
______ occurs through observation
Definition
Direct assessment.
Term
How is direct assessment carried out?
Definition
ABCs recorded in natural environment in which they typically occur (or in a Tx setting, if applicable).
Term
How do you conduct experimental assessment?
Definition
Manipulate As and Cs to demonstrate influence on problem behavior.
Term
What are the advantages and disadvantages of experimental assessment?
Definition
-Advantages:
1. Demonstrates functional relationship.
2. Provides direction for intervention.
-Disadvantages:
1. Time
2. Effort.
3. Feasibility
4. Professional expertise required.
5. A range of factors may influence behavior.
6. Identification doesn't guarantee successful intervention (e.g. important influence of peers in teen relationship
Term
Name 3 methodologies/designs.
Definition
1. Single case experiment.
2. ABAB/reversal
3. Multiple baseline.
Term
What are multiple baselines measured across?
Definition
1. Behaviors.
2. People.
3. Settings.
4. Time.
Term
What do you monitor over time? What does this do? What can you not necessarily rule out?
Definition
1. Magnitude of change.
2. Temporal proximity to intervention.
*Increases strength of conclusions.
*Cannot rule out placebo effect.
Term
Case formulation is informed by ________.
Definition
theoretical orientation
Term
"one size fits all" means
Definition
Behavioral = idiographic
Term
Treatment is not focused on ____, rather on ______ in environment.
Definition
diagnosis; individual interacting
Term
_______ is good when there are multiple problem areas.
Definition
Behavioral case formulation
Term
_____ may suggest target behaviors.
Definition
Diagnosis
Term
Describe behavioral case formulation.
Definition
1. Guides basis for treatment plan.
2. Focus is on classical and operant conditioning and social learning factors.
3. Continually refined with emerging information
Term
What are the assumptions of case formulation?
Definition
Focus on:
1. Person in context
2. Current behavior.
-Past learning can't be undone, but new learning can occur.
-What led to development of behavior may or may not be responsible for its maintenance.
3. Absence of healthy alternative behaviors and developing those.
Term
Name the 6 aspects of the behavioral case formulation
Definition
1. Problem list.
2. Proposed underlying mechanism.
3. Relation of mechanism to problem list.
4. Precipitants of problems.
5. Origins of mechanism in early life.
6. Obstacles to treatment.
Term
The _____ is the most difficult part of treatment
Definition
hypothesized mechanism
Term
Describe the hypothesized mechanism.
Definition
-Attempt to ID one underlying mechanism for all problems on list:
1. What do the problems have in common?
2. Study chief complaint and listen to patient's language.
3. Examine As and Cs.
4. Examine assessments.
Term
Relation of mechanism to problems is always _____ because _____ internal experiences.
Definition
negatively reinforced; allow escape from painful
Term
Attempt to tie proposed _____ to precipants is a _____ to the ______ mechanism.
Definition
mechanism; test; hypothesized
Term
If problem behavior is ___ reinforced or patient demonstrates ability to tolerate distress calls ____ into question.
Definition
Not; mechanism
Term
Describe two origins of central problem.
Definition
1. Childhood play a role (e.g. neglect)
2. Abusive family (fear --> hiding avoided abuse and fear, eating soothed).
Term
Name an obstacle to treatment
Definition
Mechanism can be used to forecast potential problems.
-e.g. Patient may act out in treatment to get attention of therapist.
-e.g. Patient may find ways to avoid distress associated with treatment.
Term
Describe the 4 components of functional analysis in therapy.
Definition
1. Assessment.
2. Formulation.
3. Treatment planning.
4. Treatment selection and implementation.
Term
Describe the assessment component of functional analysis.
Definition
Rapport
Term
Describe the formulation component of functional analysis.
Definition
Collaborative
Term
Describe the treatment planning component of functional analysis.
Definition
1. Collaborative.
2. Consensus on treatment goals
3. Prioritizing: What is most interfering (e.g. life-threatening; QOL)
4. Short-term.
5. Present focused.
6. Active/goal-oriented (increasing + Bx, rather than reducing distress - this is the result; Bicycle metaphor
Term
Describe the treatment selection and implementation component of functional analysis
Definition
Consider principle-driven over protocol driven.
-e.g. functional analysis; case formulation
Term
Behavioral interventions change __ & __, which in turn change ___.
Definition
As; Cs; Bs
Term
List the behavioral interventions, in order.
Definition
1. Behavioral activation.
2. Behavioral experiments.
3. Exposure.
4. Communication/ interpersonal skills.
5. Relaxation training.
6. Social skills training.
7. Mindfulness.
8. Distress tolerance.
9. Emotion regulation.
Term
What are two things that need to be addressed WRT behavioral interventions
Definition
1. Address motivation as needed.
2. Always do homework/practice
Term
What is a behavioral contingency?
Definition
A relationship between events that occasion behavior, the behavior, and the consequences it produces
Term
Avoidance of being left alone in a bar by going to smoke with friends is a form of _____.
Definition
behavioral contingency
Term
In contingency management, ___ & ____ are altered.
Definition
Antecedents; consequences
Term
_____ is most often used with kids, pets, developmentally delayed, institutionalized, severe pathology, addictions.
Definition
Contingency management
Term
Target behavior is under the influence of ___ and ____.
Definition
As; Cs
Term
___ is under direct influence of As and Cs
Definition
Target behavior
Term
Target behavior does not include ______.
Definition
rules
Term
Name 2 assumptions of contingency management
Definition
1. Target behavior is under direct influence of As and Cs (does not include rules).
2. Person knows/has the ability to perform target behavior (if not, need to first use techniques to develop behavior [e.g. shaping, chaining])
Term
Name the steps of contingency management.
Definition
1. Define target behavior: Clearly defined, observable, recordable.
2. Identify contextual factors: Who, what, WWWH.
3. Orient client to contingency management: Educate reinforcement, punishment, etc.
4. Observe target behavior: In session, question in session, monitor b/t sessions.
Term
Name 5 altering antecedents
Definition
1. Cue elimination: Avoid, escape, or eliminate environmental cues.
2. Cue modification: If can't avoid, modify.
3. Cue Introduction: Add reminders.
4. Discrimination training: Addresses maladaptive stimulus generalization.
5. Alter EOs (establishing operations = biological - hunger, craving, withdrawal, thirst, deprivation, anxiety/tension
Term
When alternating consequences, what is important to take into consideration?
Definition
Timing: consequences should follow behavior immediately
Term
Name 6 schedules of reinforcement
Definition
1. Continuous reinforcement > every instance of Bx (toll booth)
2. Intermittent = occassional reinforcement (slot machine)
3. Fixed ration = reinforcement > differing numbers of responses that average 3 times (or other)
4. Fixed interval: Reinforcement > consistent, specified time period (every 30 minutes)
5. Variable interval = reinforcement > different time intervals that average 30 minutes.
Term
What schedule of reinforcement is best to develop a behavior?
Definition
Continuous
Term
What schedule of reinforcement is best to prevent extinction?
Definition
Intermittent.
Term
What are expected patterns WRT schedules of reinforcement?
Definition
1. Fixed ration: High rate with pause after reinforcement.
2. Variable ration: High and steady rate.
3. Fixed interval: Low rate with increase at the end of interval.
4. Variable interval: Low to moderate rate; Continuous
Term
What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
Definition
A high rate with pause after reinforcement
Term
What is a variable schedule of reinforcement
Definition
A high and steady rate
Term
What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
Definition
A low rate with an increase at the end of the interval
Term
What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?
Definition
A low rate with an increase at the end of the interval
Term
What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
Definition
A low to moderate rate that is Continuous
Term
What is concurrent reinforcement
Definition
All schedules of reinforcement for multiple behaviors in a given situation.
Term
What is concurrent reinforcement affected by?
Definition
1. Schedule (>reinforcement).
2. Magnitude (Bigger not always better)
3. Immediacy (>immediacy)
4. Response effort (
Term
Explain natural v. arbitrary characteristics of reinforcers for target behavior of eating more vegetables.
Definition
Natural: If eat, get dessert.
Arbitray: If eat, get $1
Term
What is the Premack principle?
Definition
1. Increase a low frequency behavior by making high probability behaviors contingent on it (e.g. if you do your homework, you can go outside to play)
2. Applies to punishment, too (e.g. If you don't stop hitting your sister, you'll have to do extra homework
Term
What is the maching law?
Definition
1. Frequency
2. Intensity
*Duration of behavior is matched with reinforcers
Term
What are and how do you deal with low rate of reinforcers?
Definition
-Behavior occurs at low rate BC of lack of available reinforcers (extinction) e.g. depression
-Change environment to increase reinforcers.
Term
Name the 6 characteristics of reinforcers
Definition
1. Concurrent reinforcers.
2. Natural v. arbitary.
3. Low rate of reinforcers.
4. Restriced range of reinforcers.
5. Matching Law.
6. Premack principle.
Term
How do you cause extinction?
Definition
1. Identify reinforcers that maintain behavior and eliminate them.
2. Add reinforcers for alternative behavior.
Term
___ is the reinforcement for absence of problem during specified time period.
Definition
Differential reinforcement (other)
Term
____ is the reinforcement following alternative behavior that is functionally similar but not problematic (exercise instead of smoking).
Definition
Differential reinforcement (alternative)
Term
____ is an alternative to positive punishment but without physical or emotional negative side effects.
Definition
Covert sensitization.
Term
Name 5 processes of covert sensitization
Definition
1. Relax
2. Creat a script for imagining target behavior.
3. Imagine intense negative consequences (physical or social)
4. Imagine terminating behavior.
5. Imagine relief of negative consequences
Term
Response cost equates to ___.
Definition
negative punishment.
Term
____ equates to negative punishment.
Definition
Response cost.
Term
Describe how response cost is different from extinction
Definition
Removal of reinforcer of problem behavior (e.g. attention) v. removal of other reinforcer (e.g. television)
Term
Name 2 types of overcorrection.
Definition
1. Restitution: You break it, you bought it.
2. Positive practice: Over and over
Term
What are the problems with punishment?
Definition
1. Can elicit maladaptive emotional side effects (e.g. aggression)
2. Can cause escape/avoidance which is then negatively reinforced.
3. May be overused BC it's negatively reinforceing to the punisher.
4. Models punishment to punishee who may use punishment in the future (e.g. abuse cycle).
5. Can reduce behavior quickly but may not last when punisher removed (need to reinforce alternatives)
Term
Name 5 strategies for changing behavior.
Definition
1. Modeling, role playing (WHAT PRINCIPLE IS THIS?)
2. Self-managment: Delay of gratification.
3. Behavioral contracting: Formal and specific written or verbal agreement with consequences
4. Habit reversal: Monitoring, competing response
5. Token economy
Term
____ argued that traditional learning theory was incomplete
Definition
Bandura
Term
Name 5 strategies for changing behavior.
Definition
1. Modeling, role playing (WHAT PRINCIPLE IS THIS?)
2. Self-managment: Delay of gratification.
3. Behavioral contracting: Formal and specific written or verbal agreement with consequences
4. Habit reversal: Monitoring, competing response
5. Token economy
Term
___ and ____ are involved in the traditional learning theory
Definition
Operant and classical conditioning
Term
Why did Bandura argue that traditional learning theory was incomplete?
Definition
Traditional learning theory ignores the role of observation and imitation
Term
Social learning theory combines ____ with _____.
Definition
Traditional learning theory; observation/imitation
Term
Animal research has been conducted to study ___, _____, & ____ WRT imitation.
Definition
1. Social facilitation
2. Local enhancement
3. True imitation
Term
_____ is when something imitates and observes behavior in repetoire.
Definition
Social facilitation.
Term
What is social facilitation?
Definition
When something imitates and observes behavior in repetoire.
Term
____ is when something imitates new behavior, but may have learned through trial and error (observation speeds this).
Definition
Local enhancement.
Term
What is local enhancement?
Definition
when something imitates new behavior, but may have learned through trial and error (observation speeds this).
Term
What speeds learning in local enhancement? Provide an example.
Definition
Observation.
e.g. Monkey pulling chain for food
Term
Imitation of ____ behavior is unlikely to be learned through trial and error.
Definition
rare
Term
Describe true imitation. Provide an example.
Definition
Imitation of rare behavior that is unlikely to be learned through trial and error.
e.g. monkey throwing wheat in water
Term
Name the four behaviors observed with the Bobo doll
Definition
1. Attentional processes
2. Retentional processes
3. Motor reproductive processes
4. Incentive and motivational processes
Term
Children's imitations were influenced by ______ in the Bobo doll experiment.
Definition
observed consequences
Term
Describe generalized imitation.
Definition
Past reinforcement for imitation leades to more imitation.
Theories former to Banduras Bobo doll experiment follow generalized imitation).
Term
Bandura's studies suggest that reinforcement is not necessary for ___, but expecattion of reinforcement is necessary for ____.
Definition
learning; performing behavior
Term
What did Bandura's Bobo doll experiment contribute?
Definition
Reinforcement is not necessary for learning, but expectation of reinforcement is necessary for performing behavior.
Term
According to Bandura, expectation of reinforcement _________.
Definition
predicts actual performance of behavior
Term
WRT Bandura's research, an individual forms a _______.
Definition
Cognitive representation between observation and performance of behavior.
Term
WRT Bandura's research, _____ explains the delay.
Definition
A cognitive representation between observation and performance of behavior
Term
List three factors which affect imitation.
Definition
Characteristics of:
1. Model
2. Learner
3. Situation
Term
What aspects of the model affect imitation?
Definition
1. More rewarding
2. Control/power/dominance
3. Social status
4. Similarity to learner (gender, age, etc.)
5. Sincerity
Term
What characteristics of the learner affect imitation?
Definition
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Dominance (depends on situation)
4. Uncertainty WRT behaviors
Term
What characteristics of the situation affect imitation?
Definition
1. Certainty
2. Difficulty (moderate)
Term
____ fear/phobias affect imitation.
Definition
Vicariously learned
Term
List 6 implications of imitation.
Definition
List 6 implications of imitation. 1. Violent TV watching --> endorsement of fighting.
2. Physically aggressive parents --> more violence.
3. Vicariously learned fear/phobias.
4. Development of substance abuse behaviors (reinforcement, then maintains).
5. Cognitive skills (e.g. conservation, grammer, problem solving)
6. Moral judgment and behavior.
Term
Name 5 modeling behaviors in therapy WRT Social Learning Theory.
Definition
1. Repetoire (Socializing, assertiveness) 2. New behaviors (Speech, hygiene) 3. Adaptive response to feared stimuli (animals, heights) 4. Graduated modeling 5. Participant modeling
Term
Social learning theory suggests ______.
Definition
cognitive mediation
Term
Explain the process of social learning.
Definition
1. A behavior and its consequences are observed.
2. Cognitive representation of future outcomes/expectancies is formed.
3. Mediates or influences behavior.
Term
Behavior learning theory suggests ______.
Definition
learning history
Term
Children's imitations were influenced by ______ in the Bobo doll experiment.
Definition
observed consequences
Term
Describe generalized imitation.
Definition
Past reinforcement for imitation leades to more imitation. Theories former to Banduras Bobo doll experiment follow generalized imitation).
Term
Bandura's studies suggest that reinforcement is not necessary for ___, but expecattion of reinforcement is necessary for ____.
Definition
learning; performing behavior
Term
What did Bandura's Bobo doll experiment contribute?
Definition
Reinforcement is not necessary for learning, but expectation of reinforcement is necessary for performing behavior.
Term
___ is anticipation of future events that guide actions.
Definition
Forethought
Term
Explain the process of social learning.
Definition
Explain the process of social learning. 1. A behavior and its consequences are observed.
2. Cognitive representation of future outcomes/expectancies is formed.
3. Mediates or influences behavior.
Term
Describe forethought (4 components).
Definition
1. Anticipation of future events that guide actions. 2. Planning, goal setting. 3. Requires cognitive representation in the present of foreseeable future events which motivates behavior (thinking of impending pitch and planning how you will swing bat before acting). 4. Transcends dictates of immediate environment
Term
Describe self-reactiveness.
Definition
1. Self-directed execution of courses of action.
2. Actions compared to personal goals, standards, morals.
3. Self-satisfaction, pride, self-worth sustain efforts for goal attainment
Term
Describe self-reflectiveness.
Definition
Describe self-reflectiveness. 1. Meta-cognition (thinking about thinking).
2. Self-examination and evaluation of motivation, values, meaning, etc.
3. Compare predictive thoughts with outcomes of actions.
-Efficacy = belief in ability to exercise control over behavior and environment.
Term
Define self-efficacy.
Definition
Belief in one's ability to exercise control over behavior and environment.
Term
1. Pessimism v. optimism.
2. Choice of goals/challenges.
3. Level of effort expended.
4. Duration persevere, especially in face of obstacles.
5. Failure = motivating or demoralizing.
Definition
What are the effects of self-efficacy (5)?
Term
Who is credited with the concept "locus of control"?
Definition
Rotter.
Term
Which form of locus of control is better? Give an example of when the opposite may be true.
Definition
Internal BC feel personally responsible for outcomes, rather than relying on fate, change, or powerful others.
-WRT religion, LOC = mixed (mediates religion and life satisfaction). [No race differences]
Term
Who came up with the concept of learned helplessness? Describe his experiment.
Definition
Seligman.
3 groups of dogs: PART 1
1. Harnesses only; 2. Harnessed, shocked, press lever to discontinue shock; 3. Harnessed, shocks, unable to discontinue shocks (exhibited symptoms of depression.
PART 2: Placed in shuttle box with shock floor and easy escape.
Groups 1 & 2 learned to escape quickly.
Group 3 laid down and didn't attempt escape
Term
What is explanatory style?
Definition
People with the same experience have different responses, depending on attribution (Selgiman's dog example).
Term
Name the explanatory styles.
Definition
1. Pessimistic: Sees negative events as personal, pervasive, permanent
Term
Which explanatory style is most likely to suffer from learned helplessness and depression?
Definition
Pessimistic
Term
___ is credited with attribution theory.
Definition
Weiner.
Term
____ is an individual's explanation for negative events.
Definition
Attribution theory.
Term
Name and describe the three dimensions of attribution theory. What are each one like?
Definition
1. Global v. Specific: Negative events are present across all contexts.
2. Stable v. Unstable: Negative events remain over time.
-Like permanent.
3. Internal v. External: Negative events are the fault of the individual.
-LOC of control; like personal
Term
What each of the dimension of attribution theory like?
Definition
1. Global v. Specific: Pervasive
2. Stable v. Unstable: Permanent.
3. Internal v. External: Personal
Term
What were the results of the study about CHinese and American college students WRT attributional style, depression, and loneliness?
Definition
Chinese self-blame for failure and less credit for success, higher depression, and loneliness
Term
Who developed REBT, what was its significance?
Definition
Ellis in 1955; First cognitive-behavior therapy
Term
Describe REBT
Definition
An action-oriented psychotherapy that teaches individuals to examine their own thoughts, beliefts, and actions, and replcae those that are self-defeating with more life-enhancing alternatives.
Term
According to REBT, ___ causes distress, not _____.
Definition
Irrational beliefs about events; events
Term
Describe the ABCD model.
Definition
A: Activating Event.
B: Beliefs about event.
C: Consequence: Emotions and behaviors.
D: Dispute: Rational belief to replace irrational belief; Necessary to work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational beliefs and increase flexibility in thinking.
Term
Name and describe the three basic "Musts"
Definition
*All beliefs that upset us are variations of 3 irrational demand beliefs.
1. I must perforem well and get approval from others.
2. Others must treat me well, exactly as I want them to; if they don't they are bad and should be punished.
3. I must get what I want, when I want it, and I shouldn't get what I don't want --> If either of these happens, it is unbearable
Term
Give examples of the consequences of the three "Musts
Definition
1. Consequence = anxiety, guilt/shame, depression, people-pleasing.
2. Anger, hostility, rage, aggression/violence.
3. Self-pity, disappointment, procrastination, frustration
Term
Three insights about REBT.
Definition
1. Beliefs are responsible for feelings/behaviors, not events.
2. We cling to beliefs, which tend to be fixed and rigid.
3. Only continuous work/practice at changing rigid irrational beliefs will result in change.
Term
Describe acceptance WRT REBT.
Definition
1. Unconditional self-acceptance.
2. Unconditional other-acceptance.
3. Unconditional life-acceptance.
Term
Describe unconditional self-acceptance.
Definition
1. I am a fallible human being with good and bad points.
2. No reason to not have flaws.
3. Despite good and bad points, I am no more/less worthy than others.
Term
Describe unconditional other-acceptance.
Definition
1. Others will treat me unfairly from time to time.
2. There is no reason why they must treat me fairly.
3. People who treat me unfairly are no more/less worthy than any other human being.
Term
Describe unconditional life-acceptance.
Definition
1. Life doesn't always work out the way that I'd like it to.
2. There is no reason why life must go the way I want it to.
3. Life is not necessarily pleasant but it is never awful and it is nearly always bearable.
Term
_____ came up with cognitive theory.
Definition
Beck
Term
Describe Cognitive Theory.
Definition
1. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs lead to depresion.
2. Cognitive triad: Self, others, world.
3. Automatic thoughts, rules/assumptions, core beliefs.
4. Cognitive distortions: Black/white thinking; Selective abstraction; Overgeneralization.
Term
List 5 characteristics of CBT.
Definition
1. Time limited.
2. Present-focused.
3. Structured.
4. Collaborative/active.
5. Focuses on relationship b/t thoughts, feelings (emotional and physiological) and behaviors in a given situation.
Term
List 5 important factors which influence CBT.
Definition
1. Client motivation and expectations for therapy.
2. Therapeutic alliance.
3. Collaboration.
4. Active orientation (DO, don't just talk).
5. Balance b/t acceptance and change
Term
List 8 components of early session structure.
Definition
1. Assessment and case conceptualization.
2. Set an agenda (remember collaboration - "anything you'd like to add?".
3. Give feedback about diagnoses (check in about reactions/questions).
4. Review problem list/goals (Both short term and long term).
5. Provide overview of treament structure/format (Check in about reactions/Qs).
6. Psychoeducation about CBT (use personally relevant examples).
7. Homework.
8. Inspire hope.
Term
List 5 components of later sessions WRT CBT.
Definition
1. Review homework.
2. Review concepts, if necessary.
3. Teach new psychoed/rationale.
4. Teach/practice skills.
5. Assign homework
Term
List 7 skills taught in CBT.
Definition
1. Cognitive restructuring.
2. Relaxation.
3. Create hierarchy.
4. Exposure.
5. Behavioral activation.
6. Problem solving.
7. Assertiveness/communication.
Term
Describe the interaction between thoughts, feelins, and behaviors within a situation.
Definition
Thoughts <--> Feelings
Thoughts <--> Behaviors
Behaviors <--> Feelings
Situation affects Thoughts and feelings
Term
What are cognitive distortions?
Definition
Thoughts and perceptions about ourselves, environment, or world may result in misperceptions, or in failure to see the whole picture in a more balanced way.
*These thinking errors and miperceptions contribute to other problems
Term
List the types of Cognitive Distortions.
Definition
1. All-or-Nothing thinking.
2. Overgeneralization
3. Mental Filter
4. Minimizing/disqualifying/Overlooking the positive
5. Mind reading.
6. Fortune telling.
7. Magnifying/Catastrophizing.
8. Emotional Reasoning.
9. Should Statements.
10. Labeling.
11. Personalization.
12. Probability overestimation.
Term
What are the mechanisms of action WRT CBT?
Definition
1. Cognitive change.
2. Cognitive de-fusion.
3. Thoughts are behaviors, too (function [e.g. avoidance] over content
Term
What role does diversity/culture play in CBT?
Definition
1. Biological processes are similar across groups.
2. Person impacts environment & environment impacts (experience environments differently).
3. Etiology and history of psych sxs may be similar, but patterns and manifestations may differ, depending on culture (e.g. interpersonal relationships in coll. v. self-efficacy in individualistic
Term
What is the basic definition of human behavior?
Definition
Human behavior is defined as actions that have one or more physical dimensions and can be observed and recorded
Term
What is behavior and what impacts it, and what does it impact?
Definition
Behavior is lawful. It may be overt or covert.
*The occurrence is influenced by the environmental events.
*Behaviors have an impact on the physical or social environment
Term
______ conducted research which laid the foundation for behavior modification.
Definition
B.F. Skinner
Term
Behavior is measured _______ modification procedures are applied to document the effectiveness of the procedures.
Definition
before and after
Term
Behavior modifiaction _______ past events and _______ hypothetical underlying causes of behavior.
Definition
deemphasizes; rejects
Term
historical roots of behavior modification can be found in the work of ____, _____, ____, and _____.
Definition
Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, and Thorndike
Term
Describe three dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded.
Definition
1. Frequency.
2. Duration.
3. Intensity.
Term
Provide an example of how a behavior has an impact on the physcial environment and on the social environment.
Definition
BC a behavior involves movement throught space and time, the behavior has some effect on the environment in which it takes place (e.g. light goes on, professor calls on you, etc.)
Term
What does it mean to say a behavior is lawful? What is the functional relationship?
Definition
Occurrence is systematically influenced by environmental events. Basic behavioral principles describe the functional relationship between our behavior and environmental events.
Term
Describe the distinction between overt behavior and covert behavior. Provide an example of each. Which type of behavior is the focus of this book?
Definition
*Overt: Can be obsered and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behavior.
*Covert: (aka private events) are not observable to others.
*Behavior modification focuses on OVERT behavior
Term
Identify six characteristics of human behavior.
Definition
1. Behavior is what people od and say.
2. Behaviors have on eor more dimensions.
3. Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded.
4. Behaviors have an impact on the environment.
5. Behavior is lawful.
6. Behaviors may be over or covert.
Term
What does it mean to say that behavior modification procedures are based on behavioral principles?
Definition
1. Behavior modification procedures are based on research in applied behavior analysis (experimental analysis of human behavior)
Term
______ develops through a process of stimulus discrimination training, in which the behavior is reinforced in teh presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class), but is not reinforced in the presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class).
Definition
stimulus control
Term
Behavior decreases more rapidely during extinction if the behavior was reinforced on a _____ before extinction and if the behavior is never reinforced during the extinction process.
Definition
continuous schedule
Term
Extinction is often characterized by a ______, in which the unreinforced behavior temporarily increases in frequency, intensity, or duration or novel behaviors are exhibited temporarily.
Definition
extinction burst
Term
How does stimulus control develop?
Definition
______ develops through a process of stimulus discrimination training, in which the behavior is reinforced in teh presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class), but is not reinforced in the presence of one stimulus (or stimulus class).
Term
What are three questions you should ask yourself when evaluating if something is (not) punishment?
Definition
1. What is the behavior?
2. What happened immediately after the behavior (was a stimulus added or removed, or was the reinforcer for the behavior terminated)?
3. What happened to the behavior in the future (was Bx weakened? Less likely to occur?)
Term
What are some of the problems associated with the use of punishment?
Definition
1. Emotional reactions.
2. Development of escape and avoidance behaviors.
3. Negative reinforcement for the use of punishemnt.
4. Modeling of the use of punishment.
5. Ethical issues.
Term
Name the factors that influence punishment style.
Definition
1. Immediacy
2. Contingency
3. Establishing operations (influence the effectiveness of punishers)
4. Characteristics of the punishing consequence.
Term
Name the two types of punishing stimuli.
Definition
1. Unconditioned punishers (Naturally punishing)
2. Conditioned punisher (developed by pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned punisher or another conditioned punisher)
Term
What is an unconditioned response?
Definition
Responses elicited by antecendent stimuli even though no conditioning or learning has taken place.
Term
Describe how a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. What is this process called?
Definition
Pairing of respondent conditioning (previously neutral stimulus is paired with a US)
Term
What is the outcome of respondent conditioning?
Definition
Conditioned stimulus
Term
Name and describe the four possible temporal relationships between the CS and US.
Definition
1. Delay conditioning
2. Trace conditioning
3. Stimulus conditioning
4. Backward conditioning
Term
Name and describe the 4 types of conditioning.
Definition
1. Delay: CS presented and then the US is presented before the CS ends.
2. Trace: CS presented, stops, US presented.
3. Simultaneous conditioning: CS and US presented at the same time.
4. Backward: US presented before the CS (least likely to be effective e.g. sour milk example)
Term
What is higher order conditioning?
Definition
When a neutral stimulus is paired with an already-established CS and the neutral stimulus becomes a CS.
Term
What is spontaneous recovery?
Definition
When the CS elicits the CR after extinction has taken place.
Term
What are the factors that influence respondent conditioning?
Definition
1. Nature of the US and CS
2. Temporal relationship b/n the CS and US
3. Contingency b/d the CS and US
4. Number of pairings
5. Previous exposure to the CS
Term
What is respondent conditioning?
Definition
Extinction of a CR; involves the repeated presentation of the CS without presenting the US (CR eventually decreases in intensity and stops)
Term
How is discrimination in respondent conditioning developed?
Definition
CR is elicited by a single CS or a narrow range of CSs. (afraid of a specific dog)
Term
How is generalization in respondent conditioning developed?
Definition
A number of similar CSs or a broader range of CSs elicit the same CR. (afraid of a any type of dog)
Term
How would you use respondent extinction to help a child overcome a fear of dogs?Operant conditioning?
Definition
RE occurs when CS is no longer paired with the US --> CS no longer elicits the CR;
EOB occurs when behavior no longer results in a reinforcing consequence --> behavior stops occurring in future.
Term
What is the definition of reinforcement?
Definition
Occurs when:
1. Occurrence of a behavior is 2. Followed by an immediate consequence that
3. Results in a strengthening of the behavior or an increase in the probability of the behavior in the future.
*Process responsible for the occurrence of operant behavior.
Term
What is an operant behavior?
Definition
Acts on the environment to produce a consequence and in turn is controlled by, or occurs again in the future as a result of its immediate consequence (aka a reinforcer).
Term
Define an unconditioned reinforcer.
Definition
Natural reinforcers that function as reinforcers for the first time they are presented.
No prior experience with these stimuli is needed for them to function as reinforcers.
Term
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
Definition
Stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer.
Term
Name the factors influencing the effectiveness of reinforcement.
Definition
1. Immediacy.
2. Consistency (when response produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the response occurs first --> contingency).
3. Establishing operations (deprivation and satiation).
4. Characteristics of the consequence (reinforcers vary from person to person).
Term
What is a schedule of reinforcement? Name the different schedules of reinforcement.
Definition
*specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer.
3. Fixed ratio: Delivery of reinforcer based on # of responses that have occured.
4. Variable Ratio: # responses for reinforcement varies.
5. Fixed interval: Interval time is fixed (e.g. 20 sec)
6. Variable Interval: Reinforcer after amount of time has elapsed, but varies.
Term
Name two types of reinforcement.
Definition
1. Continuous reinforcement (ea. occurrence of a response is reinforced).
2. Intermittent reinforcement: responses are occassionally or intermittently reinforced.
A. Acquisition: person learning a behavior for the first time.
B. Maintenance: Behavior maintained over time with the use of intermittent reinforcement.
Term
What are the concurrent schedules of reinforcement?
Definition
All sched of reinforcement that are in effect for a person's behaviors at one time.
Term
Define punishment.
Definition
1. Occurrence of a behavior is
2. Followed by an immediate consequence and the
3. Behavior is less likely to occur in the future.
Term
What is case formulation?
Definition
A hypothesis about the causes, precipitants, and influences of a person's psychological, interpersonal, and behavioral problems; informed by theoretical orientation
Term
What is treatment focused on in case formulation?
Definition
Focused on individual interacting in environment; NOT focused on diagnosis
Term
When is case formulation good? What is given greater consideration? What may diagnoses suggest?
Definition
*Good when multiple problem areas
*Cultural variables = greater consideration
*Diagnosis may sugges target behavior
Term
What is focused on in behavioral case formulation?
Definition
1. Classical and operant conditioning
2. Social learning factors
3. Person in context
4. Current behavior
5. Absence of healthy alternative behaviors and developing those
Term
What are the six steps of behavioral case formulation?
Definition
1. Problem list
2. Proposed underlying mechanism
3. Relation of mechanism to problem list
4. Precipitants of problems
5. Origins of mechanism in early life
6. Obstacles to treatment
Term
How is the mechanism related to problems?
Definition
All negatively reinforced because allow escape from painful internal experiences
-Necessary to continually assess & be prepared to revise
Term
Testing the hypothesized mechanism is an attempt to ___.
Definition
tie the proposed mechanism to precipitants
Term
What two things typically play a role in the origins of the central problem?
Definition
1. Childhood (e.g. neglect)
2. Abusive family (fear - hiding avoided abuse and fear)
Term
What is one of the obstacles to treatment? Give two examples.
Definition
*Mechanism may be used to forecast potential problems.
1. Patient may act out to get attention of therapist.
2. Patient may find ways to avoid distress associated with treatment.
Term
Name the five steps of Case Formulation in therapy.
Definition
1. Assessment (rapport)
2. Formulation (collaborative)
3. Tx planning (collaborative, consensus on treatment goals, prioritizing - life threatening, QOL first; Model = short-term, present focused, active/goal oriented - increase behavior, rather than reduce distress)
4. Treatment selection and implementation: Consider principle-driven over protocol driven - Functional analysis, case formulation)
Term
List 9 Behavioral Interventions. (BBECRSMDE)What do you do as necessary? What do you always do?
Definition
1. Behavioral activation
2. Behavioral experiments
3. Exposure
4. Communication/interpersonal skills
5. Relaxation training
6. Social skills training
7. Mindfulness
8. Distress tolerance
9. Emotion Regulation
*Address motivation as needed
*Always do homework/practice
Term
What is an assumption of contingency management?
Definition
Target behavior is under direct influence of As and Cs --> Person has ability, but needs training
*DOES NOT include "rules"
Term
If a person does not know that (s)he has the ability to perform target behavior, what needs to be done?
Definition
Techniques to develop behavior need to be implemented: Chaining, shaping
Term
What kind of reinforcement are pop quizes?
Definition
Negative reinforcement.
Term
What are the 4 steps of Contingency Management?
Definition
1. Define target behavior: Clearly defined, observable, recordable.
-Want to replace with healthy adaptive behavior.
2. ID contextual factors (setting events:WWWWWH)
3. Orient client to CM (educate about rein/punish, etc.
4. Observe target behavior: Observe in session, question in session, monitor b/n sessions
Term
How do you alter the antecedents?
Definition
1. Cue elimination: Avoid, escape, eliminate environmental cues
2. Cue modification: If can't avoid, modify
3. Cue introduction: Add reminders
4. Discrimination: Training addresses maladaptive stimulus generalization
4. Alter EOs: (EOs = biological) pain, hunger, craving, withdrawal, thirst, deprivation, anxiety/tension
5. Reinforcement, punishment, extinction: Be aware which contingencies are under your therapist control & which are under client control; establish idiographic ways to reinforce desirable behaviors and punish or extinguish undersirable behaviors
6. Timing: Consequences should follow immediately
Term
Name the 6 schedules of reinforcement.
Definition
1. Continuous: Every instance
2. Intermittent: Occasional reinf.
3. Fixed Ratio: Rein. consistent, specified # of responses
4. Variable Ratio: Rein. differing #s of responses that aver. 3 times
5. Fixed Interval: Rein. consis., specified time period
6. Variable interval: rein. diff. time intervals that average 30 mins.
Term
What schedule of reinforcement is best to develop a behavior?
Definition
Continuous.
Term
What schedule of reinforcement is best to resist extinction?
Definition
Intermittent.
Term
Which schedules of reinf. have fixed patterns?
Definition
1. Fixed ratio: High rate w/pause after rein.
2. Variable ratio: High and steady rate
3. Fixed interval: Low rate with increase at end of interval
4. Variable interval: Low to moderate rate, continuous
Term
Which is better WRT reinforcers, natural or arbitrary?
Definition
Natural.
Term
What 4 things are reinforcers and punishers affected by?
Definition
1. Schedule: Higher frequency.
2. Magnitude: Bigger not always better.
3. Immediacy: Greater immediacy.
4. Response effort: Less effort.
Term
If behavior occurs at low rate rate because of lack of available reinforcers, what is this called? What do you do to increase the rate of reinforcers?
Definition
Extinction. Change the environment.
Term
Name 2 ways to lead to extinction.
Definition
1. ID reinforcers that maintain behavior and eliminate them.
2. Add reinforcement for alternative behaviors.
Term
What is DRO?
Definition
Differential Reinforcement (other): Reinforcement for absence of problem (eg. clean urine, no binges)
Term
What is DRA?
Definition
Differential reinforcement (alternative): Rein. following alternative bx that is functionally similar but not problematic (eg exercise instead of smoking)
Term
What are the steps for covert sensitization?
Definition
1. Relax
2. Create a script for imagining target behavior
3. Imagine intense negative consequences (physical or social)
4. Imagine terminating behavior
5. Imagine relief of negative consequences
6. Imagine alternative to positive punishment but without physical or emotional negative side effects
Term
What does response cost equate to?
Definition
Negative punishment (eg time out, swear jar, no therapy session)
Term
How is response cost different from extinction?
Definition
Removal of reinforcer of problem bx (eg. attention) v. removal of other reinfrocer (eg. TV)
Term
Name three types of punishment.
Definition
1. Covert sensitization
2. Response Cost
3. Overcorrection
Term
What are some strategies in practice?
Definition
1. Modeling, role playing
2. Self-management: Delay of gratification
3. Behavioral contracting: Formal and specific written or verbal agreement with consequences
4. Habit Reversal: Monitoring, competing response
5. Token economy
Term
How is extinction unlike punishment?
Definition
Usually gradual.
Term
What factors influence the effectiveness of extinction?
Definition
1. Similar factors influencing conditioning
2. Schedule of reinf: (continuous = rapid extinction; intermittent = longer, less freq. the reinf., longer it takes to extinguish)
3. Magnitude of reinforcer: Frequency, intensity, duration
4. Previous extinction trials
Term
When is an extinction burst more common?
Definition
1. Negatively reinforced behavior.
2. Extinction used along v. with other interventions
Term
If responses spontaneously recover, and are reinforced, what is likely to occur?
Definition
Extinction is lost ---> intermittent reinforcement; Bx may come back stronger, be more resistant
Term
Extinction is usually used with (2 things).
Definition
1. Reinforcement: Isolating and removing all reinforcers less necessary if NEW reinforcers being added; Undesirable side effects (extinction burst & spontaneous recover less likely; reinforcing these & leading to extinction resistant Bx less likely)
2. Incompatible Bx
Term
What is reading an example of?
Definition
Discrimination training: Reading is under the stimulus control of the letters on the page
Term
What is the purpose of prompts?
Definition
1. Used to increase likelihood one will engage in behavior.
2. Function is to produce instance of Bx so it can be reinforced (Verbal, gestural, modeling, physical, coaching/training)
Term
What happens with fading?
Definition
1. Transfer stimulus control from prompt to discriminative stimulus
2. Response prompt eliminated gradually
3. Unprompted responses reinforced
Term
Step by step: Extinction (7)
Definition
1. Choose prompting strategy
2. Get learner's attention
3. Present discriminitive stimulus
4. Prompt correct response
5. Reinforce correct Bx
6. Transfer stimulus control (fade or delay procedures)
7. Continue to reinforce unprompted, correct response
Term
Describe behavioral chaining. What else is it called?
Definition
One complex bx consisting of many component bxs occurring together
aka "stimulus response chain"
-Breaking down into S-R components = Task Analysis (necessary before teaching chain)
Term
What is necessary before teaching a chain?
Definition
Task analysis: Breaking down into S-R components
Term
Define chaining procedures.
Definition
Systematic application of prompting and fading to each S-R component in chain: Forward, backward, Graduated guidance: good if not too complex
Term
Step by step: Chaining
Definition
1. Task analysis
2. Baseline assessment of learner's ability
3. Implement
4. Reinforce
Term
Who came up with Social Learning Theory? Why?
Definition
Bandura; Traditional learning theory (operant and classical conditioning) incomplete
*SLT combines traditional learning theory with observation/imitation
Term
Animal research has been used to explore 3 things WRT imitation.
Definition
1. Social facilitation: Imitate & observe Bx in repertoire (eg. hens pecking)
2. Local enhancement: Imitate new Bx, may have learned through trail and error, but observ. speeds this)
3. True imitation: Imitation of rare bx unlikely to be learned through trial and error (monkey throwing wheat into water)
Term
Bandura argued that expectation of reinforcement is necessary for ___, not necessarily ___.
Definition
performing bx; not learning bx
Term
Social learning theory suggests _____.
Definition
cognitive mediation
Term
Name the 4 processes necessary for Bx to occur.
Definition
1. Attentional processes
2. Retentional processes
3. Motor reproductive processes
4. Incentive and motivational processes
*1st three necessary to ACQUIRE CAPABILITY to perform Bx
*Expectation of reinf. predicts actual PERFORMANCE of Bx
*Indiv. forms a cognitive representation b/t observation and performance of Bx (explains delay)
Term
Attentional, retentional, and motor reproductive processes are necessary to ____ to perform bx
Definition
acquire capability
Term
Expectation of reinforcement predicts actual ______ of Bx
Definition
performance
Term
WRT Bandura's theory, Indiv. forms a _______ b/t observation and performance of Bx.
Definition
Cognitive representation
Term
Name the factors that affect imitation.
Definition
1. Characteristics of the model
a. More rewarding
b. Control/power/dominance
c. Social status
d. Similarity to learner (gender, age, etc.)
e. Sincerity
2. Characteristics of learner: Possibly age, gender, more dominant but may depend on situation
3. Characteristics of situation:
a. Certainty
b. Difficulty (moderate)
Term
SLT in therapy: what three things do you model?
Definition
1. Bxs in repertoire: socializing, assertiveness
2. New bxs: Speech, hygiene
3. Model adaptive response to feared stimuli: animals, heights
Term
SLT in therapy: what three things do you model?
Definition
1. Bxs in repertoire: socializing, assertiveness
2. New bxs: Speech, hygiene
3. Model adaptive response to feared stimuli: animals, heights
Term
How are behavioral and social learning different?
Definition
Bx: suggests learning history (extensive learning hx around imitative bx influences bx - eg. sibling throwing milk, getting punished, I also throw my milk and get punished - learning hx teaches me not to imitate similar bx)
Social: Suggests cognitive mediation (cogn repres of future outcomes/expectancies mediates/infl bx)
Term
What does agency equate to?
Definition
Intentional actions
*Bx not just controlled automatically or mechanically via environmental stimuli (as in early conditioning theories) --> cognitive processes exert influence: Mind is not just reactive, it is intentional
Term
Name the core features of agency
Definition
1. Intentionality: Choice to behave, representation of future action, does not guarantee outcomes/consequences)
2. Forethought: Anticipation of future events guides actions - planning, goal setting; requires cog repre. in the present of foreseeable future events which motivates bx, transcends dictates for immediate environment)
3. Self-reactiveness: self-directed execution of courses of axn
4. Self-reflectiveness: meta-cognition; self-examination & evaluation of motivation)
5. Self-efficacy: ability to exercise control over bx and environment
Term
What does self-efficacy influence?
Definition
1. Pessimism v. optimism
2. Choice of goals/challenges
3. Level of effort expended
4. Duration persever, esp in face of obstacles
5. Failure = motivating or demoralizing
Term
Describe the locus of control.
Definition
(Rotter): Extent to which one believes s/he controls rewards: Internal = personal; external = fate, chance, powerful others
Term
Learned helplessness experiment led to theory about _____.
Definition
explanatory or attributional style.
Term
Who conducted the learned helplessness experiment?
Definition
Seligman
Term
Who came up with the attribution theory? What is it?
Definition
Weiner. An individual's explanation of events.
Term
What are the three dimensions of explanatory style WRT attribution theory?
Definition
1. Global v. Stable (like pervasive)
2. Stable v. Unstable (like permanent)
3. Internal v. External (like pervasive)
Term
What is REBT? What is the "take home point"? Who developed it? When?
Definition
Action-oriented psychotherapy that teaches individuals to examine their own thoughts, beliefs, and actions and replace those that are self-defeating with more life-enhancing alternatives;
Events don't cause distress, our irrational beliefs about events do
Ellis
1955
Term
What is Ellis' model WRT REBT?
Definition
ABCD Model:
A: Activating event (sitting in traffic)
B: Belief about event
C: Consequence
D: Dispute: Rational belief to replace irrational belief: Work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational belifs & increase flexibility in thinking)
Term
What is Ellis' model WRT REBT?
Definition
ABCD Model:
A: Activating event (sitting in traffic)
B: Belief about event
C: Consequence
D: Dispute: Rational belief to replace irrational belief: Work hard to change tendency to cling to irrational belifs & increase flexibility in thinking)
Term
What are 3 insights WRT Ellis' REBT model?
Definition
1. Beliefs are responsible for feelings/behaviors, not events
2. We cling to beliefs, they tend to be fixed/rigid
3. Only continuous work/practice at changing rigid irrational beliefs will result in change
Term
Name three forms of acceptance WRT Ellis' REBT.
Definition
1. Unconditional self-acceptance.
2. Unconditional other-acceptance.
3. Unconditional life-acceptance.
Term
What are the 4 main points of Beck's cognitive theory?
Definition
1. Negative, dysfunctional beliefs lead to depression.
2. Cognitive triad: Self, others, world
3. Automatic thoughts, rules/assumptions, core beliefs
4. Cogntive distortions: Dichotomous thinking, selective abstraction, overgeneralization
Term
List 5 characteristics of CBT.
Definition
1. Time limited
2. Present-focused
3. Structured
4. COllaborative/active
5. Focuses on relationship b/t thoughts, feelings (emotional & physiological and behaviors) in a given situation
Term
List 5 important factors for CBT WRT client-therapist relationship.
Definition
1. client motivation & expectations for therapy. 2. Therapeutic alliance 3. Collaboration 4. Active orientation (DO, don't jus talk) 5. Balance b/t acceptance and change.
Term
What are the 8 steps for CBT Early session structure?
Definition
1. Assessment and case conceptualization.
2. Set an agenda (collaboration)
3. Give feedback & diagnoses
4. Review problem list/goals
5. Provide overview of Tx structure/format (check in about reactions/questions)
6. Psychoeducation about CBT (use personaly relevant examples)
7. Homework
8. Inspire hope!
Term
What do you wnat to do in later sessions of CBT therapy?
Definition
1. Set an agenda:
a. review hmwk
b. review concepts, if necessary
c. teach new psychoed/rationale
d. teach practice/skills
e. assign hmwk
Term
Why is REBT important?
Definition
theories help us to formulate effective treatment
Term
How is REBT differenct from ABC?
Definition
Look up?? ABCD model...
Term
WRT CBT, what is in the triangular "traid"
Definition
Thoughts <--> feelings
Feelings <--> Behaviors
Behaviors <--> THoughts
*Situation moderator b/n thoughts and feelings at top
Term
What 2 concepts are included under Cognitive distortion?
Definition
1. Selective abstraction (only focus on small part)
2. Overgeneralization (I failed teh test and am therefore a failure)
Term
What are the three cognitive distortions Beck developed? What is the goal?
Definition
1. Thoughts
2. Feelings
3. Behaviors*Get client to: 1. stop behaviors 2. reframe thoughts to change feelings; if have control over what we think & do --> change feelings
Term
Name five concepts discussed about diversity/culture.
Definition
1. Biological processes are similar across groups (eg. classical conditioning)
2. Bx is lawful: Person impacts environment & environ impacts ppl
3. People experience environments differently (w v. m; gay v. hetero)
4. Etiology and history of psychology systems may be similar, but patterns/manifestations differ, depending on culture
5. Knowledge about group tendencies can be helpful, but care needs to be taken to not assume based on groups
Term
How do people who experience trauma develop PTSD?
Definition
Classical conditioning. (Not everyone BC experience things differently)
Term
How do people who have not had trauma developed PTSD/phobias?
Definition
Observational learning (not 100%)
Term
Although MDEs come and go, ___ to them remains constant.
Definition
vulnerability
Term
Vulnerability is aka ___. List 4 characteristics.
Definition
1. Trait (not state - MDEs come and go, vulnerability to them remains constant)
2. Endogeneous (v. risk)
3. Dormant unless activated
4. "Diathesis"
Term
What is the Triple Vulnerability Model?
Definition
1. Generalized (diathesis - early experiences with low perceived control/external LOC (divorce, death), poor coping, shy temperament, parenting style (intrusive, overprotective)
2. Biological: Genetic, negative affect, low positive affect, anxiety, sensitivity, trait anxiety, bx inhibition, "prepared" stimuli, neuroticism
3. Specific (stress): Trauma - inflation effect/negative experience, vicarious learning, substances, culture, avoidance; Control during trauma
Term
What are schemas? When do they develop?
Definition
Ways of viewing oneself, others, world, and future & making meaning
Term
What did Thomas Hobbes argue?
Definition
That all human thought and action is governed by hedomism - pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain
Term
___ founded the school of empiricism
Definition
John Locke
Term
____ and _____ believed that the mind was empty, passive thing that receives and associates sense impressions.
Definition
John Locke and David Hume (British Empiricists)
Term
Hume emphasized the importance of _____ between ideas.
Definition
associations
Term
What did Immanuel Kant argue?
Definition
He was a rationalist that argued the mind is a rational thing that molds experience in part according to inborn assumptions
Term
What did Tvan Sechenov argue?
Definition
Mental processes could be analyzed in terms of physiological mechanisms (those involved in reflexes)
Term
What is Morgan's Canon?
Definition
Law of Parsimony - Bx should not be explained by complex, high-level mental process if it can be explained with a simpler one
Term
Who wrote the Behaviorist Manifesto?
Definition
Watson
Term
What did Skinner develop?
Definition
Radical Behaviorism
Term
What is Tolman famous for?D
Definition
Developed operational behaviorism: Made it acceptable to explain behavior with unobservable constructs (eg. motivation or cognition), provided they are specifically linked to input or output
Term
What are the 6 essential components of a behavior modification graph?
Definition
1. Y-axis and x-axis
2. Labels for the y-axis & x-axis
3. Numbers on the y-axis & x-axis
4. Data points
5. Phase lines(indicates Tx)
6. Phase labels(eg. baseline & intervention)
Term
How do you graph behavioral data?
Definition
1. Observe behavior.
2. Record data on data sheet.
3. Transfer to graph: Level of bx on y-axis; Level of time on x-axis
Term
What different dimensions of behavior can you show on a graph?
Definition
1. Frequency
2. Intensity - (eg. decibels)
3. Duration
4. Latency
Term
Why are graphs in behavior modification used to evaluate behavior change?
Definition
TO identify the level of behavior before tx and after tx begins
Term
What is the functional relationship., and how do you demonstrate a functional relationship in behavior modification?
Definition
FR: Researcher demonstrates that the behavior changes as a function of the treatment
*If behavior changes each time the procedure is implemented, and only when it is implemented, you can demonstrate a FR (not due to extraneous variables)
Term
What different research designs can you use in behavior modification research?
Definition
1. A-B: Intervention, baseline (NOT true RS design) for one subject
2. ABAB Reversal: 2 BL & 2 Tx for each subject; Ensures that bx change is due to intervention; need to consider if ethical to remove tx)
3. Multiple Baseline: Subjects, bxs, settings
4. Alternating Txs: 2 conditions (BL & Tx occur during alternating days/sessions); possible to compare within same time period (reduces likelihood of extraneous variable causing change)
5. Changing-Criterion Design: BL & Tx phases; diff. BC uses expected criteria
Term
What are alternative names for the y-axis and the x-axis?
Definition
ordinate (yaxis)
Abscissa (xaxis)
Term
What is a phase?
Definition
A period of time in which the same tx or no tx is in effect?
Term
Why are the data points not connected across phase lines?
Definition
Allows you to see the differences in the level of behavior more easily
Term
For interval recording, what do you label the y-axis?
Definition
Percentage of intervals of (bx)
Term
How can you judge the effectiveness in an Alternating Treatment Design?
Definition
2 conditions may be compared on a graph over the same period (eg. kids watching violent TV on alternating days)
Term
What is a functional relationship? How do you tell if a functional relationship exists b/n a target bx and a tx bx?
Definition
If a bx changes each time the procedure is implemented and only when the procedure is implemented, a FR can be demonstrated
Term
What is the principle of extinction?
Definition
To weaken bx.
Term
What causes human behavior? Describe how a label might be mistakenly identified as a cause of behavior.
Definition
Events in the immediate environment.
Labels may be mistakenly identified as the causes of the behavior.
*E.g. child with autism (autism is a label, not a cause for the behaviors)
Term
Why is it important to describe behavior modifiaction procedures precisely?
Definition
BC behavior modification procedures involve specific changes in environmental events --> precise procedures ensure that the procedures will be used correctly each time.
Term
What is the basic definition of human behavior?
Definition
Actions that have one or more physical dimensions and can be observed and recorded.
Term
What is behavior and what impacts it, and what does it impact?
Definition
Behavior is lawful. It may be overt or covert.
*The occurrence is influenced by the environmental events.
*Behaviors have an impact on the physical or social environment.
Term
______ conducted research which laid the foundation for behavior modification.
Definition
B.F. Skinner
Term
Behavior is measured _______ modification procedures are applied to document the effectiveness of the procedures.
Definition
before and after
Term
Behavior modifiaction _______ past events and _______ hypothetical underlying causes of behavior.
Definition
deemphasizes; rejects
Term
Identify the four steps involved in a behavior modification plan.
Definition
1. Defining the target behavior.
2. Determining the logistics of recording.
3. Choosing a recording method.
4. Choosing a recording instrument.
Term
What is a behavioral definintion? How does it differ from a label for a behavior?
Definition
1. Objective/unambiguous
2. Active verbs and describes specific behaviors.
*Labels are ambiguous and may be interpreted differently by different people.
Term
What is meant by the term observation period?
Definition
Specific period of time an observer records the target behavior.
Term
What is meant by the term observation period?
Definition
Specific period of time an observer records the target behavior.
Term
Identify and define the four dimensions of a behavior that may be recorded in a continuous recording method.
Definition
1. Frequency: Number of times a behavior occurs.
2. Duration: Total amount of time occupied by the behavior from start to finish.
3. Intensity: Amount of force, energy, exertion involved in it.
4. Latency: Amount of time from a stimulus to the onset of the behavior.
Term
What is frequency within interval recording?
Definition
1. Partial interval recording: Not interested in frequency, duration, latency; ONLY if behavior occured during each interval of time.
2. Whole: Occurrence of behavior is marked in a interval only when the behavior occurs throughout the entire inverval
Term
What is real-time recording?
Definition
Record each time the behavior starts and finished: Provides information on frequency & duration.
Term
What is time sample recording?
Definition
Divide the observation period into intervals of time, but observe and record the behavior during only part of each interval.
Term
Name four recording instruments.
Definition
1. Continuous (Frequency, duration, intensity, latency)
2. Product (record tangible recording or permanent product of teh occurrence of the behavior)
3. Interval: Occurrence or nonoccurrence of the behavior in consecutive intervals of time during an observation period.
4. Time sampling: Divide observation period into intervals of time, but observe and record the Bx during only part of each interval.
Term
What is reactivity? Describe two ways to reduce reactivity during direct observation.
Definition
*Process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change, even before any treatment is implemented
Occurs: When an observer is recording the behavior of another person or when a person engages in self-monitoring.
To reduce:
1. Wait until people being observed become accustomed to the observer.
2. Have observer record behavior without people knowing that they are being observed.
Term
What is reactivity?
Definition
The process of recording a behavior cuases the behavior to change, even before any treatment is implemented.
Term
What is interobserver recording, and why is it important?
Definition
Helps to determine whether behavior is being recorded consistently.
Term
In ________, a previously neutral stimulus becomes a contitioned stimulus (CS) when it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus ((US).
Definition
Respondent conditioning.
Term
The CS elicits a ________ similar to the unconditioned response (CR) elicited by the US.
Definition
conditioned response (CR)
Term
Respondent conditioning is most effective when _________.
Definition
the CS immediately precedes the US.
Term
_______ can occur when a neutral stimulus is paired with an already-established CS.
Definition
Higher order conditioning
Term
Respondent behaviors involve ______.
Definition
bodily responses that have survival value.
Term
_______ involve bodily responses that have survival value.
Definition
Respondent behaviors.
Term
One type of respondent behavior is a ___________ that may be negative (such as fear and anxiety) or positive (such as happiness).
Definition
conditioned emotional response
Term
Conditioned Emotional responses may be ____ or ______.
Definition
positive or negative
Term
Conditioned Emotional responses may be ____ or ______.
Definition
positive or negative
Term
1. intensity fo the US or the CS
2. Temporal relationship between the CS and the US
3.Contingency between the CS and the US
4. Number of pairings
5. Person's previous exposure to the CS
Definition
Factors that influence ffrespondent conditiong include: (5 things)
Term
When does respondent conditioning occur?
Definition
When a neutral stiumus is paired with a US and the neutral stimulus becomes a CS that can elicit a CR.
Term
_____ occurs when a behavior is reinforced in the presence of an Sd and the behavior is then more likely to occur in the future when the Sd is present.
Definition
Operant conditioning
Term
Identify the terms signified by the following abbreviations: US, UR, CS, and CR. Provide an example
Definition
Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response
Term
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Definition
Certain types of stimuli that typically elicit specific types of bodily responses
Term
How can you condition fear (CR) to a neutral stimulus WITHOUT pairing it with the UCS (air horn)?
Definition
Higher order aka second order conditioning
Term
Alternating Treatment Design
Definition
2 conditions may be compared on a graph over the same period (eg. kids watching violent TV on alternating days)
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