Term
| What is cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Scientific study of mental processes or the study of thought. Mental processes include remembering, attention, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions. Thinking about thinking. |
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Term
| What does perception and sensory memory do? |
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Definition
| Organize and interpret incoming information, holds information long enough to determine whether it seems worthwhile. |
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Definition
| Set of processes through which you focus on incoming information, ability to attend is flexible and limited. |
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Term
| What are some challenges of cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Often times "the processes involved in cognition are complex and hidden from view; example is Stroop effect. |
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Term
| When was the first cognitive psychology experiment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who performed the first cognitive psychology experiment, where were they from, what was their profession? |
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Definition
| Franciscus Donders, Dutch psychologist, ophthalmologist. |
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Term
| What did Franciscus Donders do? |
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Definition
| Used mental chronometry, which measures time-course of cognitive processes. Measured reaction time. Inferred mental process of perception. |
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Definition
| Choice reaction time(push one of two buttons in response to a stimulus). |
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Term
| What did Helmholtz contribute to cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Helmholtz's Unconscious Inference. |
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Term
| Who was Hermann Helmholtz? |
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Definition
| A German physician and physicist. |
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Term
| What is the theory of unconscious inference? |
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Definition
| Some perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment; past experiences with objects may impact our perceptions. |
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Term
| Who was Hermann Ebbinghaus? |
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Definition
| A German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He also described the learning curve. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist, and professor, known today as the "father of experimental psychology". He carried out reaction-time experiments and founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology in order to study the mind scientifically. He developed analytic introspection. |
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Term
| What is analytic introspection? |
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Definition
| Procedure used in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes elicited by stimuli presented under controlled conditions. It was problematic because introspection did not seem to reveal the structure of thought. |
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Term
| Who was Edward Titchener? |
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Definition
| A British psychologist that studied with Wundt. Best known for creating structuralism. |
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Definition
| An attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind. Consciousness can be analyzed as sensations and feelings that form the structures of the mind. They used introspection to get at what was happening in the mind to understand what one was thinking and feeling. |
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Definition
| He was an advocate for the area of psychology called functionalism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arose in the US in the late 19th century as an alternative to structuralism. It was concerned with the function of the mind. Referred to the study of how a mental process operates. |
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| Behaviorist that developed a new approach to psychology by studying actual behaviors in their own right and not worrying about consciousness. Argued behavior is observable and objective. Studied impact of stimulus conditions on behavior. |
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Definition
| Studied operant conditioning: believe reinforcements, not free will, determined behavior. Believed language developed through imitation and reinforcement. |
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Definition
| He was a linguist that disagreed with Skinner, and believed language development was inborn and held across cultures. Realization that to understand complex cognitive behaviors need to consider how the mind works in addition to S-R. |
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Term
| What is the rise of the information processing metaphor? |
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Definition
| Information processing models conceive of cognitive activities as involving a series of steps, procedures, or processes that take time. |
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Term
| What are other modern approaches to the study of the mind? |
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Definition
| Behavioral (ex. reaction time), Physiological (ex. reaction time and brain waves). |
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Term
| When did the "cognitive revolution" begin? |
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Definition
| 1959 initiated by Noam Chomsky. |
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Term
| What is the cognitive revolution? |
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Definition
| The name for an intellectual movement in the 1950s that began what are known collectively as the cognitive sciences. The relevant areas of interchange were the combination of psychology, anthropology, and linguistics with approaches developed within the then nascent fields of artificial intelligence, computer science, and neuroscience. |
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Term
| What key idea was put forth by cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Reverse-engineering approach or the ability to make testable inferences about human mental processes. |
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Term
| Who was Donald Broadbent? |
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Definition
| Brought prominence to the cognitive approach with his book Perception and Communication in 1958 (i.e. thinking and reasoning about mental processes, envisioning them as software running on a computer that is the brain). |
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Term
| What was cognitive psychology's major contribution to Artificial Intelligence? |
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Definition
| The notion of a semantic network. |
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Term
| What is experimental cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Treats cognitive psychology as one of the natural sciences and applies experimental methods to investigate human cognition. |
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Term
| What is computational cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Develops formal mathematical and computational models of human cognition based on symbolic and sub-symbolic representations, and dynamical systems. |
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Term
| What is neural cognitive psychology? |
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Definition
| Uses brain imaging and neurobiological methods to understand the neural basis of human cognition. |
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Term
| What is the Savings Method? |
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Definition
| Ebbinghaus learned lists of nonsense syllables, repeated lists and noted how many repetitions it took to repeat the list with no errors. |
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Definition
| A semantic network for the English language. |
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Term
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Definition
| For humans, when we increase the amount of input information, the transmitted information will increase at first and will eventually level off. |
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Definition
| Represents the greatest amount of information that the observer can give us about the stimulus on the basis of absolute judgement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of information that we need to make a decision between two equally likely alternatives. |
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Term
| 2.5 bits of information (Pollack) |
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Definition
| distinguishing between 6 different tones |
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Term
| 2.3 bits of information (Garner) |
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Definition
| the equivalent of being able to distinguish between 2.3 different discrimination |
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Term
| Eriksen & Hake Channel capacities |
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Definition
2.2 judging sizes of squares
3.1 judging hues
2.3 judging brightness |
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Term
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Definition
| 2.6 bits which corresponds to 6.5 different categories |
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Term
| Conclusion of absolute judgement for multidimensional stimuli |
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Definition
| When we add more variables, we increase the total capacity for judgement, but we decreased the accuracy for any particular variable. In the course of evolution those organisms that were most successful were who were responsive to the widest range of stimulus energies in their environment. In order to survive a constantly changing world, it was better to have a little information about a lot of things than to have a lot of information about a small segment of the environment. |
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Term
| Who coined the term cognitive science? |
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Definition
| Christorpher Longuet-Higgins in 1973. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote computer programs in languages such as LISP or "symbolic AI". |
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Term
| When did the rise of neural networks and connectionism occur? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Use radioactive isotopes, which are injected into the subject's bloodstream and taken up by the brain. By observing which areas of the brain take up the radioactive isotope, we can see which areas of the brain are more active than other areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the electrical fields generated by large populations of neurons in the cortex by placing a series of electrodes on the scalp of the subject. This technique has an extremely high temporal resolution, but a relatively poor spatial resolution. |
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Definition
| Measures the relative amount of oxygenated blood flowing to different parts of the brain. More oxygenated blood in a particular region is assumed to correlate with an increase in neural activity in that part of the brain. This allows us to localize particular functions within different brain regions. fMRI has moderate spatial and temporal resolution its measures are not blurred. |
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Term
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Definition
| This technique uses infrared transmitters and receivers to measure the amount of light reflectance by blood near different areas of the brain. Since oxygenated and deoxygenated blood reflects light by different amounts, we can study which areas are more active. Has moderate temporal resolution, but poor spatial resolution. It also has the advantage that it is extremely safe and can be used to study infants' brains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures magnetic fields resulting from cortical activity. It is similar to EEG, except that it has improved spatial resolution since the magnetic field. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major part of contemporary psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Plays a critical role in essentially all aspects of perception, cognition, and action, influencing the choices we make. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1492-1540 recognized the role of attention in forming memories |
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Term
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Definition
| 1646-1716 introduced the concept of apperception, which refers to an act that is necessary for an individual to become conscious of a perceptual event. He noted that without apperception, information does not enter conscious awareness. Said, "Attention is a determination of the soul to know something in preference to other things." |
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Term
| William James view on attention |
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Definition
| Asserted that "the faculty of voluntarily bringing back a wandering attention, over and over again, is the very root of judgment, character, and will." |
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Term
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Definition
| 1953 conducted one of the seminal works in attention during this period, studying the problem of selective attention or "the cocktail party phenomenon" |
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Term
| What is the cocktail party phenomenon |
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Definition
| the ability to focus our listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, and to pay attention to a stimulus that grabs our attention suddenly, such as our names. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major proponent of the Information Processing Model approach to cognition. Developed the Filter Theory. |
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Term
| What is the information processing model of cognition? |
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Definition
| Stages include sensory store, filter (part of attention in which some perceptual information is blocked out and not recognized, while other information is attended to and recognized), pattern recognition, selection, short-term memory, long-term memory. |
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Term
| What is the filter model of attention? |
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Definition
| Mechanisms of attention are controlled by two components: a selective device or filter located early in the nervous system, and a temporary buffer store that precedes the filter. Broadbent proposed that the filter was tuned to ine channel or the other, in an all-or-nothing manner. Problem with this is that it is too inflexible. |
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Definition
| Developed filter-attenuation theory and feature integration theory. |
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Term
| What is the filter attenuation theory? |
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Definition
| Developed in 1964, the processing of unattended information is attenuated or reduced, rather than completely filtered out, accounting for the fact that unattended information sometimes reached consciousness. Proposed that information processing occurs in a hierarchical manner. |
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Term
| What are the two stages of the feature integration theory? |
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Definition
| Pre-attentive and focused attention stage |
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Term
| What is the pre-attentive stage? |
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Definition
| It happens automatically, without effort or attention by the perceiver. In this stage an object is analyzed into its features, but we are unaware of the breakdown of an object into its elementary features is that this analysis occurs early in the perceptual processes, before we have become conscious of the object. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for the pre-attentive stage? |
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Definition
| Treisman created a display of four objects flanked by two black numbers. This display was flashed on a screen for one-fifth of a second and followed by a random dot masking field in order |
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Term
| What are the six factors of creativity? |
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Definition
| Intelligence, Knowledge, Thinking Style, Personality, Motivation, Environment. |
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