Term
| Clinical amnesia is when... |
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Definition
| the patient has lost the ability to remember certain materials due to brain damage |
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Term
| Who were the founders of introspection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first person to go about studying psychology with the scientific method? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kant discovered the ______ method, explain this method |
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Definition
transcendental
determine the underlying causes that lead to the observed effects |
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Term
| Behaviourism was the dominant theory from when to when? |
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Definition
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Term
(behaviourism)
it was common to ask participants.... |
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Definition
| about their experience to see if they were conscious of the learning |
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Term
behaviourism dealt with
a) biological processes
b) observables
c) introspection |
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Definition
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Term
| richard tolman created the experiment of rats navigating mazes, what was he trying to see if the rats could develop? |
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Definition
| a cognitive map of the maze |
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Term
| in tolman's rat maze experiment, what was the magic number that happened after this number of trials |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs but is not evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the memory you use for information you are actively working on |
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Term
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Definition
| how many things an individual can correctly remember and recite |
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Term
| what is the articulatory rehearsal loop? when... |
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Definition
| you automatically begin repeating something in your mind to solidify the synapses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the phonological buffer is located where |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the phonological buffer? |
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Definition
| an auditory image that is stored in the inner ear |
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Term
| how long is something stored in the phonological buffer? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| list the steps to the working memory system |
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Definition
1) central executive
2) subvocal speech
3) phonological buffer
4) reading the buffer |
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Term
| what task breaks the auditory rehearsal loop? |
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Definition
| the concurrent articulation task |
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Term
| list the steps that occur when concurrent articulation breaks the working memory system loop |
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Definition
1) central executive
2) interrupt of mechanisms used for overt speech
3) mechanisms unable for subvocal speech
4) phonological buffer remains empty
5) mechanisms read the empty buffer |
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Term
| the cognitive model adapted from Waugh and Normal has 3 steps, what are they? |
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Definition
| sensory storage, short term memory, long term memory |
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Term
| what is cognitive neuroscience? |
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Definition
| the study of the biological basis for cognitive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to produce overt speech |
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Term
do individuals suffering from anarthria have a similar working memory to those who do not?
this is illustrated by what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how various forms of brain dysfunction influence observed performance |
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Term
| capgras syndrome is when?... |
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Definition
| an individual thinks the people they know have been kidnapped and are being impersonated by imposters |
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Term
| when someone suffers from capgras syndrome, there is damage to WHAT part of the brain located on THIS SIDE of WHAT lobe? |
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Definition
| amygdala, right, temporal lobe |
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Term
| which cortex is damaged in capgras syndrome? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the band of nerve tissue connecting the brain hemispheres |
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Term
| which is the largest commissure? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the corpus callosum? |
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Definition
| under the longitudinal fissure |
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Term
| what is the patient suffering from when the corpus callosum must be cut? |
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Definition
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Term
| there are two types of projection areas in the motor area of the cerebral cortex, what are they? |
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Definition
| the primary motor projection area, the primary sensory projection area |
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Term
| what is contralateral control? |
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Definition
| the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body |
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Term
| what is the primary motor projection area? |
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Definition
| the departure point for signals leaving the cortex controlling muscle movement |
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Term
| what is the primary sensory projection area? |
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Definition
| the arrival point for signals arriving to the cortex containing sensory input |
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Term
| what brain structures compose the limbic system? |
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, pituitary gland |
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Term
| what does the thalamus do? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the hippocampus surrounds what and does what? |
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Definition
| thalamus, encodes new memories |
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Term
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Definition
| the emotion processing centre of the brain |
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Term
| most of higher level cognitive functioning happens where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the what prohibits what from making rash decisions? |
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Definition
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Term
| for the fetus/infant, what does the gila do? |
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Definition
| guide development of the nervous system |
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Term
| gila support what and control what? |
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Definition
| supports repairs if the nervous system is damaged, controls flow of nutrients to neurons |
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Term
| specialized gila are called what and do what? |
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Definition
| myelin sheath, provide insulation to the electrical impulses in the axon |
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Term
| the cell body contains what for what? |
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Definition
| the nucleus, elements needed for metabolic activities of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| heavily branded fibres on the input side of the neuron |
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Term
| the axon is referred to as what and looks like what? |
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Definition
| the messenger, the long body of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| computerized axil technology |
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Term
| what do can a CT and MRI scan show you? |
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Definition
| the shape, size, and position of structures |
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Term
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Definition
| change if the structure of the brain changes |
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Term
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Definition
| positron emission technology |
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Term
| PET scans show which.... and are good for..... |
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Definition
| which brain regions are active at any given moment, good for moment by moment updates |
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Term
|
Definition
| magnetic resonance imaging |
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Term
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Definition
| magnetic properties of atoms to yield detailed images of the brain |
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Term
| what does fMRI stand for? |
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Definition
| functional magnetic resonance imaging |
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Term
| what does an fMRI measure? |
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Definition
| the oxygen content of the blood flowing through each region of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| indicator of neural activity, moment by moment updates |
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Term
| what is electroencephalography? |
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Definition
| the recording of voltage changes at the scalp level that reflect the activity beneath |
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Term
| what is an event-related potential? |
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Definition
| deviation from the baseline due to a specific event? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a series of shocks strategically placed on the scalp to temporarily disrupt the function of the brain structure underneath |
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Term
| Broca's area is important for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Wernicke's area is important for? |
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Definition
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Term
| a patient with damage to Broca's area is said to be suffering from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens in Broca's aphasia? |
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Definition
| the individual cannot form coherent sentences and has issues in the forming and amalgamation of words |
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Term
| Broca's aphasia is common in ____ patients? |
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Definition
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Term
Brodmann, 1909, brain atlas with what areas?
hint... cyto... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how many cytoarchitectural areas were there in Brodmann's atlas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the cytoarchitectural areas were discovered with stains from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the somatosensory cortex yields this image |
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Definition
| the somatosensory homunculus |
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Term
| the primary motor cortex is responsible for... |
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Definition
| sending primary motor signals to the senses of the body |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what area of the brain was removed in H.M.'s case? |
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Definition
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Term
| maintenance rehearsal is the... |
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Definition
| focus on the important information with no thought of relation or context |
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Term
| elaborative rehearsal is... |
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Definition
| thinking about what the items mean and how they relate to each other |
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Term
| to go beyond the information given is called the |
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Definition
| importance of interference |
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Term
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Definition
| the more bizarre the image you conjure when trying to remember something, the better you will remember that information |
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Term
describe the process of a neurotransmitter going from the firing neuron to the receiving neuron
hint, there are 5 |
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Definition
| crosses axon terminals, presynaptic membrane, synapse, post synaptic membrane, dendrites |
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Term
| for humans, which is the dominant sense? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when light hits the eye, what is the process it takes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| light sensitive tissue at the back of the eyeball |
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Term
| which parts of the eye focus the incoming light |
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Definition
|
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Term
| when the muscle around the lens tightens, the lens... and this helps it see objects where? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when the muscle around the lens relaxes, the lens... and this helps it see objects where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the two types of photoreceptors in the retina are called |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized neural cells that respond directly to incoming light |
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Term
rods are
colourblind or not?
sensitive to low or high levels of light? |
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Definition
| colourblind, sensitive to low levels of light |
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Term
|
Definition
| when viewing dim stimuli or in a semi dark environment |
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Term
cones are
colourblind or not?
sensitive to low or high levels of light? |
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Definition
| not colourblind, sensitive to high levels of light |
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Term
| is the acuity higher in cones or rods? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in the fovea, there is a higher level of what than what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to discern detail |
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Term
| what is lateral inhibition? when... |
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Definition
| when photoreceptors stimulate the bipolar cells, which in turn stimulate the ganglion cells |
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Term
| the axons of what cells make up what nerve? |
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Definition
| ganglion cells, optic nerve |
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Term
| basic definition of lateral inhibition without the specific cell names |
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Definition
| stimulated cells inhibit the activity of neighbouring cells, providing edge enhancement |
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Term
edge enhancement is crucial in?
occurs when? |
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Definition
| crucial in defining what an object is, earliest stage of visual processing |
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Term
| taking measures of when a specific neuron fires, how often it fires, what its threshold is, what is needed for stimulation.... what is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what two psychologists are credited with centre-surround cells discovery |
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Definition
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Term
| when do centre-surround cells fire maximally? |
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Definition
| when light is presented in a small, roughly circular area in a specific position within the field of view |
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Term
| what happens when both the centre and surround cells are stimulated? this is equivalent to how much stimulus |
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Definition
| the cell will fire neither more nor less than usual, equivalent to no stimulus |
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Term
| another name for centre-surround cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which detector cells only fire when a stimulus moves? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| axons from the LGN first go to area __ in the _____ lobe when they reach the cortex |
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Definition
|
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Term
| visual processing is split up between 2 cortexes, which ones are they? |
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Definition
| occipital cortex, parietal cortex |
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Term
| what are the most important areas in the visual processing system in the brain |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are MT neurons specialized for? |
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Definition
| speed and direction of movement |
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Term
| what are V4 neurons specialized for? |
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Definition
| when the input is of a certain colour and shape |
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Term
| what is parallel processing? |
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Definition
| when different specialized areas are active at the same time |
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Term
| what are the two types of cells in the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| provide the main input for the LGN's parvocellular cells |
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Term
| what are P cells specialized in? |
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Definition
| spatial analysis, detailed analysis of form |
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Term
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Definition
| provide the main input for the LGN's magnocellular cells |
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Term
| what are M cells specialized in? |
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Definition
| detection of motion, depth perception |
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Term
| the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is which system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the occipital lobe to the parietal cortex is which system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lesions in the what system lead to which type of agnosia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lesions in the where system leads to? |
|
Definition
| difficulty with sense of direction |
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Term
| the brain uses a special system to.. |
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Definition
| identify which sensory elements belong with which |
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Term
| if neurons detecting a stimulus are firing in synchrony with signalling movements, these attributes are registered as belonging to the same object. this is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a conjunction error? |
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Definition
| when there is a problem with neural synchrony |
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Term
| what are the 5 gestalt principles? |
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Definition
| similarity, proximity, orientation, closure, colour |
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Term
| perception of the constant properties of objects in the world is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what subconscious interference mechanism did Helmholtz discover? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| illusions happen due to the |
|
Definition
| misinterpretation of information |
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Term
|
Definition
| features of the stimulus that indicate an objects position |
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|
Term
| each eye looks out on the world from a slightly different point of view, the term for this is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depth cues that depend on only what each eye sees by itself are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the impression of depth on a flat surface |
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|
Term
| is interposition used as a depth cue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parallel lines seem to converge as they get further from view, this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who discovered the motion parallax? what does it mean? |
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Definition
| Helmholtz, when items further away from you seem to move faster than items closer to you |
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Term
| the pattern of stimulation across the entire visual field that changes as you move towards an object; as you move towards an object its image gets larger, as you move further from it it get smaller |
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Definition
|
|
Term
optic flow was discovered by who? in what year?
scott's cousin, your age (-ish) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when is binocular disparity useful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is apperceptive agnosia? |
|
Definition
| when a patient can see but not organize the elements they see to perceive an intact object |
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Term
| when previous knowledge and expectations, what kind of processing is this? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| processes that are directly shaped by the stimulus, aka "data-driven" |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where does recognition begin? |
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Definition
| the identification of the visual features of the input pattern |
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Term
| an old device specifically designed to present stimuli for precisely controlled amounts of time is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a jumble of letter that serves to interrupt any continuous processing that participants may try to do for the stimulus just presented |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is it called when words that are viewed frequently are easier to perceive? or when words themselves are easier to perceive than individual letters |
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Definition
| the word-superiority effect |
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Term
| what does wellformedness mean? |
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Definition
| how well the letter sequence conforms to the spelling patterns of English |
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Term
| is wellformedness a good predictor of word recognition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a network of detectors, organized in layers. what is this called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the levels, from bottom to top, of a feature net? |
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Definition
| feature detectors, letter detectors, word detector |
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|
Term
| what is an analogy for the ACTIVATION LEVEL of feature nets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the name for this process?
presenting a word once will cause the relevant detectors to fire, after this those detectors will be more likely to fire again because of the recency effect |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what detector is between letter detectors and the word detector? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| at the bigram level, only WHICH detectors fire? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when you favour frequent letter combinations over infrequent ones, this is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the McClelland and Rumelhart model and a regular feature net? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
when an individual can recognize that a face is a face, even identifies its features, but cannot recognize individual people
involves the FFA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unilateral neglect syndrome occurs when the patient suffers from damage to which cortex? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
in dichotic listening
the information the participants were told to pay attention to is called,
the information the participants were told to ignore is called |
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Definition
| attended channel, unattended channel |
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Term
brain cites crucial for attention
alerting system |
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Definition
| frontal area, posterior area, thalamus |
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Term
brain cites crucial for attention
orienting system |
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Definition
| frontal eye field, superior parietal lobe, temporoparietal junction, pulvinar, superior colliculus |
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Term
brain cites crucial for attention
executive |
|
Definition
| prefrontal area, anterior cingulate gyrus |
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Term
| difficulty sustaining attention, failing to finish, and avoiding sustained efforts are all domains of which brain attention system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| being distracted by stimuli, not listening, and failing to pay close attention are all domains of which brain attention system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blurting out answers, interrupting or intruding, and impatience are all domains of which brain attention system? |
|
Definition
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