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| a mental category for classifying objects, people or experiences |
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| according to Rosch, a mental model containing the most typical features of a concept |
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| a step-by-step method of problem solving that guarantees a correct solution |
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| rules of thumb that help in simplifying and solving problems, although they do not guarantee a correct solution |
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| Representativeness Heuristic |
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| a heuristic by which a new situation is judged by a stereotypical model |
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| a heuristic by which a judgement is made based off of information form memories |
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| the tendency to look for evidence in support of a belief and to ignore evidence that would disprove a belief |
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| Sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
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| Inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
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| Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way (successful in the past but not helpful in solving new problems) |
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| Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
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| Tendency to be more confident than correct |
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The way an issue is posed
can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
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| Tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning |
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| Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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In a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Ex. Consonants b, d, s
Vowels a, e, i, o, u
Digraphs sh, th, wh
Diphthongs oi, au |
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| In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning Ex. Prefix, Suffix |
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| A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
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The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
Ex. Order of noun, verb, adjectives in a sentence |
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The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
The study of Meaning |
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Beginning at 3 to 4 months
The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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From about age 1 to 2
The stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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Beginning about age 2
The stage in speech development during which a child speaks in mostly two-word statements |
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| process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language |
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| Language Acquisition Device |
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Spearman
Factor underlies specific mental abilities
People who are high on one factor are high on others
For example, those high on verbal are above average on spatial or reasoning tasks |
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Goleman
Knowing one’s own emotions
Managing one’s emotions
Using one’s emotions to motivate oneself
Recognizing the emotions of others
Managing Relationships |
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Triarchia Theory :
Analytic/Componential |
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Triarchia Theory :
Creative/Experiential |
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| Ability to adapt to novel situations |
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Triarchia Theory :
Practical/Contextual |
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| Ability to react to everyday tasks with multiple possible solutions |
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Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
Used to identify different dimension of performance |
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Intelligence Quotient
the ratio of Mental age (MA) to Chronological age (CA) |
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Measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
Chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance |
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| created a intelligence test |
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| revised Binet's intelligence test at Stanford university |
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| designed to assess what a person has learned |
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| a substantial and long-sustained increase in intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world |
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| when a test yields consistent results |
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| when test measures or predicts what it is supposed to |
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| when a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
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| Behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict |
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| Assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior |
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