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Cognition Chapter 6
Exam Two
47
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/28/2006

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Term
Short Term Storage Coding
Definition
encode letters acousticly, not visually, (F for S) or semantically as much (man/mad vs. pig/bun)

Primarily Acoustic, a bit semantic, and hardly at all visual
Term
Long Term Storage Coding
Definition
primarily semantic (words in categories)
Term
Transfering information from short term to long term
Definition
depend on whether the information involves declarative or non-declarative memory.
Term
declarative memory
Definition
includes primin and habituation; decay quickly

procedural memory and classical conditioning; maintained more readily, as result of repeated practice
Term
non-declarative memory
Definition
deliberately attending to information to comprehend it.

by making connections or associations between the new information and what we already know and understand. integrating new data into our existing schemas or stored information.
Term
consolidation
Definition
process of integrating new information into stored information.

can continue for many years
Term
metamemory
Definition
strategies involve reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory.
Term
rehearsal, (overt/covert)
Definition
the repeated recitation of an item.

overt, usually aloud and obvious to anyone watching

covert, silent and hidden

repeating words to oneself is not effective enough, thinking about inter-relationships.
Term
distributed practice
Definition
learning in which various sessions are spaced over time.

more advantageous than massed practice

more spaced apart the learning was, the more likely they were to remember it over long periods of time

allows varying encoding processes
Term
stored memories
Definition
organized; by categories,once organized, pretty consistent,

mnemonic devices
Term
Mnemonic Devices
Definition
specific techniques to help memorize lists of words.

add meaning to otherwise meaningless or arbitrary lists of items.

categorical clustering, acronyms, acrostices, interactive imagery amoung items, pegwords, and the method of loci
Term
Categorical Clustering
Definition
mnemonic device

organizing lists into easy to remember categories
Term
interactive images
Definition
mnemonic device

one imagines the objects represented by words one has to remember interacting with each other in some active way.
Term
pegword system
Definition
mnemonic device

one associates each word with a word on a previously memorized list and forms an interactive image between the two words.
Term
method of loci
Definition
mnemonic device

one visualizes walking around an area with distinctive landmarks that one knows well. Then one remembers specific landmarks to associate with what needs to be remembered.
Term
acronyms
Definition
mnemonic device

one devises a word or expression in which each of its letters stands for a certain other word or concept.
Term
acrostics
Definition
mnemonic device

one forms a sentence rather than a single word to help one remember new words.
Term
keyword system
Definition
mnemonic device

forms an interactive image that links the sound and meaning of a foreign word with the sound and meaning of a familiar word.
Term
parallel processing
Definition
simultaneous handling of multiple operations

retrieved from short term memory all at once, not individually

all comparisons would be done at once
Term
serial processing
Definition
operations being done one after another. items would be retrieved in succession, rather than all at once.

would take longer to retrieve 4 items than 5 items
Term
exhaustive serial processing
Definition
participant always would check the test digit against all digits in the positive set

looking over everything no matter where in the list the item is.
Term
self-terminating serial processing
Definition
participant would check the test digit against only those digits needed to make a response.

later the serial position, the later the response time.

vs. exhaustive
Term
availability
Definition
long term memory storage

presence of information stored in long term memory
Term
accessibility
Definition
long term memory

degree to which we can gain access to the available information
Term
interference
Definition
occurs when competing information causes us to forget something
Term
decay
Definition
occurs when simply the passage of time causes us to forget
Term
interference theory
Definition
view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words.

retroactive
proactive
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
(retroactive inhibition)

caused by activity occurring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing.
Term
proactice interference
Definition
(proactive inhibition)

occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to-be-remembered material.
Term
recency effect
Definition
superior recall of words is best for items at and near the end of the list
Term
primacy effect
Definition
superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list

poorest in the middle of the list
Term
decay theory
Definition
information is forgoten because of the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement of memory trace.

unless something is done to keep it intact.
Term
memory is constructive
Definition
prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory.
Term
autobiographical memory
Definition
individual's history; constructive, one does not remember exactly what happens, but the construction and reconstruction of what happened.

generally quite good, subject to distortions
Term
Memory Distortions
Definition
people have tendencies to distort their memories. "Seven sins of memory"

Transcience, absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence
Term
transience
Definition
memory fades quickly, can't quite remember details

one of seven sins
Term
absent-mindedness
Definition
people sometimes brush their teeth after already brushing them, or enter a room looking for something ony to discover that they have forgotten what they are looking for.

one of seven sins
Term
blocking
Definition
people sometimes having something that they know they should remember but they can't. "tip of the tongue"

one of seven sins
Term
misattribution
Definition
people often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. people often think they saw things they did not, or heard things they did not hear. eye-witness testimony.

one of seven sins
Term
Suggestibility
Definition
susceptible to suggestion, so that if it is suggested to them that they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it. ex; "i know you saw that episode" so they think they did.

one of seven sins
Term
bias
Definition
biased recall. people who are experiencing chronic pain are more likely to remember pain in the past than was actually there.

one of seven sins
Term
persistence
Definition
sometimes remember things as consequential that, in a broad context, are inconsequential. ex; someone with many successes but one notable failure may remember the single failure better than the many successes.

one of seven sins
Term
repressed memories
Definition
memories that are alleged to have been pushed down into unconsciousness because of the distress they cause.

many psychologists strongly doubt they exist. some therapists might be planting ideas in patients.
Term
source-monitoring error
Definition
occurs when a person attributes a memory derived from one source to another source. new york times vs. cosmo article
Term
perceived clarity
Definition
the vivdness and richness of detail, enhances our confidence in recall of the experience and its context.
Term
flashbulb memory
Definition
memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were permanently preserved on film.

emotional intensity enhances likelihood of flashbulb memory
Term
encoding specificity
Definition
what is recalled depends on what is encoded
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