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cognition and memory
definitions
66
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12th Grade
09/25/2015

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Term
memory
Definition
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Term
encoding
Definition
the processing of information into sensory memory - for example extracting info
Term
storage
Definition
the retention of encoded info over time
Term
retrieval
Definition
the process of getting info out of the memory storage
Term
sensory memory
Definition
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system
Term
short term memory
Definition
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before information is stored or forgotten.
Term
long term memory
Definition
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system includes knowledge skills and experiences.
Term
working memory
Definition
a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual- spatial info, and of info retrieved from long term memory
Term
parallel processing
Definition
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain's natural; mode of information processing for many functions contrast with the step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Term
automatic processing
Definition
unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, frequency , and well learned info
Term
effortful processing
Definition
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Term
rehearsal
Definition
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
Term
spacing effect
Definition
the tendency of distributed study or practice to yield better long- term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Term
serial position effect
Definition
our tendency to recall best the last and the first items in a list
Term
visual encoding
Definition
the encoding of picture images
Term
acoustic encoding
Definition
the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words
Term
semantic encoding
Definition
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of the word.
Term
imagery
Definition
mental picture, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Term
mnemonics
Definition
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Term
iconic memory
Definition
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photograph or picture - imagery memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a seconds.
Term
echoic memory
Definition
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli ; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Term
flashbulb memory
Definition
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Term
amnesia
Definition
the loss of memory
Term
implicit memory
Definition
retention independent of conscious recollection
non declarative or procedural memory
Term
implicit memory
Definition
retention independent of conscious recollection
non declarative or procedural memory
Term
explicit memory
Definition
memory of facts and experience that one can consciously know and "declare"
declarative memory
Term
hippocampus
Definition
a neural center that is located in limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
Term
recognition
Definition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple chooses test,
Term
relearning
Definition
a measure of memory that assess the amount of time saves when learning material for a second time.
Term
priming
Definition
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular association in memory.
Term
mood congruence memory
Definition
the tendency to recall experiences that are constant with one's current goof or bad mood.
Term
proactive interference
Definition
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall new information
Term
retroactive interference
Definition
the disruptive effect of new learning on the real of old information.
Term
repression
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
Term
misinformation effect
Definition
incorporating misleading information info one's memory of an event.
Term
source amnesia
Definition
attributing to wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of false memories.
Term
cognition
Definition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Term
concept
Definition
a mental grouping of objects, events, ideas, or people.
Term
prototype
Definition
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting times into categories(as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird such as robin.)
Term
algorithm
Definition
a methodological, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem =. Contrasts with usually speedier - but also more error prone - use of heuristics.
Term
heuristics
Definition
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently: usually speedier but also more error - prone than algorithms
Term
insight
Definition
a sudden and often give realization if the solution to a problem ; it contrasts with strategy - based solution
Term
creativity
Definition
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Term
creativity
Definition
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Term
fixation
Definition
the inability to see a problem from a new prospective, by employing a different mental set.
Term
mental set
Definition
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Term
representative heuristics
Definition
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
Term
availability heuristics
Definition
estimating the likelihood of event based in their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
Term
overconfidence
Definition
the tendency to be more confident than corret - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement.
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
clingling to one's initial conception after the basis o which they formed has discredited.
Term
intuition
Definition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
Term
framing
Definition
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
Term
language
Definition
our spoken,written to signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning.
Term
phoneme
Definition
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Term
morphemes
Definition
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part go a word.
Term
grammer
Definition
in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Term
semantics
Definition
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentence in a given language, also the study of the meaning.
Term
syntax
Definition
the rules of combing words into grammatically sensible sentence in a given language.
Term
babbling stage
Definition
at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
Term
one word stage
Definition
the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
Term
two word stage
Definition
at age of 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
early speech stage in which child speaks like a telegram - go car- using mostly noun and verbs.
Term
linguistic determination
Definition
whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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