What hemishpere is language concentrated in?

Wernicke's Aphasia

Semantic Paraphasia

Phonemic Paraphasia

Neologism

Productiong is fluent, but the words aren't always meaningful; trouble understanding language.

Semantic Paraphasia- use a word that has a similar meaning to intended word

Phonemic Aphasia- use a word that sounds similar to intended word

Neologism- making up words

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

TMA- similar to Broca's, but can repeat words back

TSA- similar to Wernicke's, but can repeat words back

1. Oversimplifies symptoms
2. Over simplifies the dichotomy of receptive/expressive language
3. Oversimplifies the role of the anatomical brain regions

Where message production takes place...

• Motor cortex controls mouth and tounge
• Broca's area- involved in planning and coordinating the message

Where language comprehension takes place...

• Primary auditory cotex receives and analyzes
• Wernicke's Area- language comprehension and organizes underlying message

The study of phonemes, a languages sound system

Includes rules specifying how sounds can be arranged in words

The study of the meaning in language.

Pieces of meaning that define a word (ex: lollipop= sticky, sweet).

1. Decreased Executive Functioning- shifting between tasks, planning ahead inhibition, upadating
2. Attention- selective on negative aspects
3. Memory- episodic
4. Bad error feedback
5. Trouble identifying emotion in faces

• ACC (area 25)- emotional processing drops lower than usual leading to depressed mood
• Amygdala- processing of negative or threatening information; will remember past events more negatively

• Ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens- reward processing; makes you feel good when you get something
• Posterior right hemisphere- maintaining levels of arousal/vigilance

• Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex- detection of error/conflict/threat
• Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex- executive functioning

• Left frontal lobe- approach behaviors and reward processing
• Right frontal lobe- avoidance/withdrawal behaviors

• Executive Functioning- shifting, inhibiting, updating
• Attention- focus on something that poses a threat
• Memory- can't store traumatic memories

Amygdala- processing of negative or threatening information

ACC- detection of error/conflict/threat- "alarm system"

Prefrontal Cortex- "top-down" control

Ventromedial PFC- extinction, getting rid of fears and phobias

Basal Ganglia- starting and stopping movement

Orbitofrontal Cortex- reward value of stimuli and actions

Left frontal lobe- anxious apprehension

Posterior Right Hemisphere- anxious arousal

Positive (Increased)- hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior

Negative (decreased)- apathy, flattened affect, lack of self-directed behavior

Causes and Physiology of Schizophrenia

Treatment

Genetics- if you have parents or an identical twin with it, 50% chance

Nurture- lifestyle, maternal stress and diety

DRUGS AND COGNITIVE TRAINING

Addiction- when a person expriences withdrawal symptoms without a drug; the need for the drug interferes with other life priorities

4% of Americans in any 12 month period

• Heterogeneity- in a group, not all members are the same
• Comorbidity- still don't know what this is
• Some brain regions involved in more than one disorder

Alertness and Arousal- conditions of responsiveness to outside world

Vigilance- sustained attention

Selective Attention- allows certain information to be selected for additional processing

Bottom-Up Processing

Top-Down Processing

B-UP- some intrinsic aspect of a stimulus causes it to be attended to

T-DP- the individual determines whether or not to attend

Aids in shifting attention to new locations/objects in visual field by controlling eye movements.

Saccades- eyes jump from one position to another

Medial- inolved in selecting responses (Stroop task)

Lateral- pays a role in selecting the category of information to attend to

1. Creation and maintenance of a goal or task set
2. Intiating a behavior
3. Sequencing
4. Shifting set and modifying strategies
5. Self-monitoring and evaluation
6. Inhibition

1. Abstract and Conceptual Thinking- metaphorical
2. Understanding Rules and Making Inferences
3. Reponse to Novelty/Cognitive Flexibility
4. Judgment and Decision Making; Ethical Dilemmas

Contention Scheduling- a cognitive system that enable relatively automatic processing (learned response)

SAS- required to effortfully direct attention and guide action; this is affected by front lobe damage (PG)

Evolutionary "new" brain (our social side)

Size does not matter, connectivity matters

PFC is activated when performing a more difficult task

THINK OF PHINEAS GAGE HE GOT FUCKING RAILROAD SPIKED THROUGH THE EYE HOLE AND COULDN'T BE SOCIAL AND SHIT YO YO YO

Subjective Response

Physiological Response

Behavior Response

Detects emotion consciously and subconsciously; emotional learning and fear conditioning; assists emotional memory

Whalen 2004 flashing the eye whites

Controls activity of autonomic nervous system; controls hormones (like adrenaline); HPA axis (hypot., pituitary, adrenal cortex); controls cortisol (blood sugar)

Sympthetic is fight or flight

Parasympathetic is rest and digets

EMOTIONAL PATHWAYS BITCHES FUCK YEAHHHHH

There's two shit yeah

Thalamo-amygdaloid pathway- read the words, that's where it comes from and goes to; LOW ROAD, the instinctive responses

Cortico-amygdaloid pathway- HIGH ROAD GANGSTA, longer and involves more synapses

In monkeys it makes them eat their own shit and fuck other species

In humans, they tend to be more trustworthy towards strangers, can't recognize fear or have fear conditioning

In lateral sulcus and contains gustatory cortex; where disgust comes from.

Activated from feeling AND observing disgust

yeah

Cognition and Emotion. That's it

Lesions result in apathy, emotional inability and changes in social interaction

The tone of voice, the rhythm or melod

Propositional Prosody- communicates lexical and semantic information

Affective Prosody- communicates emotional contex

Bitches and Hos

And cunts

and sluts

as well as fucks given

and shits taken

and asses wiped

and negroes seen

and penises sucked

and giant gaping vaginas fucked

and piss... pissed

slut

Being able to understand another person's mental state and view

Sally-Anne Test- basket to box