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Definition
| Perceptual experiences that happen in the absence of a physical stimulus |
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cat, boat, mohawk, piano
(easy to remember) |
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| honor, knowledge, deceit, curiousity |
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| concrete words create images for words to "hang onto" |
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| Imagery is like perception, Imagery is spatial |
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| Memorize the image, focus on one part, focus on another part |
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even though we have imagery we might not use it for thinking
imagery = propositional |
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| side effect of thinking, not a cause |
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| resembles the thing in some way , continuous values (picture of a dog) |
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| Arbitrary doesnt resemble, concrete (the word DOG) |
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| Prepositional Representations |
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| symbolic, not words but thought of like words, combine logically to create meaning |
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| Tacit Knowledge explanation |
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Definition
| people know how scanning works in real perception, tried to imitate that conscioulsy or unconsciously |
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| Imagery is like perception |
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| imagery resembled projection, subjects didnt notice projection |
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| Evidence that we use imagery to think.. |
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| mental rotation, mental scanning |
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| Image of the tiger in head |
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| Visualization helps to make assiciations between concepts |
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think about a well known path
associate items with landmarks along that path |
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| method for sorting things in the world and mental representation of things in groups |
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| informtion we abstract from those groups |
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| provides guides for extending information, direct attention to important dimensions , allow for creativity, minimize info storage |
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| all category members should be equal |
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| people store one or more prototypical members of a class that new items get compared to |
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| people store all or most items they ahve previously classified. |
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| why we have the categories we have ? |
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| evolution, artifacts (structure and purpose), theories of how world works, peoples goals, culture groups |
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| inference, categorization |
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| Linguistic Level of Analysis |
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| pragmatics, syntax, semantics, morphology, phonology |
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| sounds of language, rules for combining sounds |
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| how many phonemes does english have? |
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| time between the release of the consonant and the start of vocal cord vibrations |
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| members of the same category are harder to distinguish than members of different categories |
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| smallest unti of definable meaning , meaningful unit composed of one or more morphemes |
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| determining the boundaries between spoken words |
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| requires prior knowledge about the words |
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| ambiguous words are interpreted based on the context |
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| grammatical rules for combining words into meaningful sentences and phrases |
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| analyzing grammatical structure of a sentence |
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| The "syntax first" approach |
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| parsing relies primarily on syntactic information only uses semantics if theres a problem |
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| Principles of late closure |
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Definition
| a word is assumed part of previous phase unless there is evidence to the contrary |
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| semantics used the entire time, semantics and syntax together teh whole time |
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| degree to which pieces of informationin different sentences to one another |
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| uses our knowledge to add unstated information to the text |
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| words that refer to the same entities |
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| how the action was performed |
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| what do these things do with each other |
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