Shared Flashcard Set

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Cog Ling 2 Towson U 2012 Comps
SLP cognitive linguistic notes from Mrs. Johnson for COMPS 2012
35
Other
Graduate
01/01/2012

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Cards

Term
Brain
Definition

1)      Brain

a)      Cerebrum

b)      Subcortical Structures

c)      Brainstem

d)     Cerebellum

 

Term

Function of CNS

Definition

1)      Perception and discrimination of sensory info

2)      Regulation of processes e.g. respiration and heartbeat

3)      Emotional expression

4)      Organization and regulation of behavior

5)      Cognitive processes – thinking, remembering, and comprehending

6)      Language

Term

CNS Protection

Definition

Bones of the Skull

Spinal Column

Meninges

Term
Meninges
Definition

a)      Membranes below the bone

i)        Dura (outer most)

(1)   Falx cerebri – separates cerebral hemispheres

(2)   Tentorium cerebelli – separates cerebellum from occipital and temporal lobes

(3)   Falx cerebelli – separates cerebellar hemispheres, may act as a guillotine and sever midbrain or brainstem tissues

ii)      Arachnoid (middle)

iii)    Pia (inner most)

Term

Potential Spaces during Injury

Definition

Two spaces may collect blood or CSF after injury causing Hematomas

o   Epidural – space between bone and dura mater

o   Subdural – space between dura mater and arachnoid

 Increased fluid compresses the brain tissues and increases the pressure

 Compression can lead to cell damage or loss

Term

 Telencephalon

Definition

a)      Cerebral Hemispheres

b)      Basal Ganglia

c)      Olfactory tract

d)     Rhinencephalon

e)      Lateral Ventricles, part of Third Ventricle

Term

 Diencephalon

Definition

a)      Thalamus

b)      Hypothalamus

i)        Controls visceral nervous system- stimulates contraction of muscle fibers

ii)      Regulates body temperature, thirst, appetite

iii)    Exerts neural control over the pituitary gland’s secretion of hormones

iv)    Emotional behavior- aggression and escape behavior

v)      Part of the Limbic System

c)      Pituitary gland

d)     Optic tract

e)      Third Ventricle

Term

Neuron

Definition

a)      Does the work of the nervous system by transmitting electrical signals, neural impulses, to:

i)        Glands

ii)      Muscles

iii)    Other Neurons

Term

1)      Dendrite

Definition

a)      Receives neural stimuli

b)      Transmits info toward the soma (cell body)

c)      Shorter appearance with numerous projections

Term
Axon
Definition

a)      Transmits info away from soma

b)      Long single fiber ranging in length from micrometers to two meters

c)      Greater the diameter the greater the velocity of the impulse

d)     Myelin- a coating on some axons which speeds up neural conduction

e)      Terminal end boutons- synaptic vesicles which produces neurotransmitters

Term

Reticular Formation

Definition

Located within the brain stem

Function: sleep and arousal, some control of movement through connections with spinal cord and cerebellum, transmission of information in pain pathways

Term

Limbic System

1)      Amygdala

Definition

Controls aggressive behavior and facilitates understanding and responding to social signals – pragmatics

Term

Limbic system     

 Hypothalamus

Definition

Regulates bodily processes, the pituitary gland, and mediates pleasure

Term

Limbic system     

Hippocampus

Definition

a)      A subcortical structure, seahorse shaped structure found at the tip of the temporal lobe

b)      Facilitates memory for new information

c)      Damage can cause anterograde amnesia, an inability to remember new information

Term

Obstructions of Cerebrovascular Flow

Definition

1)      Thrombosis – obstruction

2)      Embolism – moving clot

3)      Aneurysm – dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel

Term
Penetrating head injury
Definition
i) Object penetrates the skull possibly carrying debris
ii) Low Velocity – concentrated force causes a fracture of the skull with debris entering wound
iii) High Velocity – a projectile enters brain causing destruction of tissues surrounding the projectile’s path
Term
Closed head injury
Definition
Damage caused by blunt forceful blow or shaking of the brain within the skull
Term
Closed head Acceleration – Deceleration
Definition
(1) Three possibilities
(a) Moving object hits a movable head
(b) Moving head hits a stationary object
(c) Head is shaken violently
Term
Closed head Acceleration – Deceleration Linear Velocity
Definition
Brain moves along a linear path causing damage at the site of impact (coup) and at the opposite side of impact (contrecoup), may cause damage to anterior and inferior frontal and temporal lobes
Term
Closed head Acceleration – Deceleration Angular Acceleration
Definition
Brain rotates at an angle causing abrasions, lacerations, and shearing/twisting forces resulting in diffuse axonal injury (DAI), hemorrhage, and cranial nerve trauma
Term
Closed head nonacceleration
Definition
(1) Moving object hits a fixed position head, skull is deformed at site of impact and is pushed against brain surface
Term
Secondary Damage Hemorrhage
Definition
(1) Extracerebral – Bleeding into the meninges
(2) Intracerebral – Bleeding into brain tissues associated with DAI
Term
Secondary Damage Cerebral Edema
Definition
Accumulation of fluid between the brain and the skull, within the ventricles, or within brain tissue. Common around primary site of impact, but may be throughout the brain in DAI. Contributes to increased intracranial pressure.
Term
Secondary Damage Intracranial Pressure
Definition
An increase in the pressure within the skull. Brain is compressed and displaced leading to herniation of tissue through orifices or against bony processes
Term
Secondary Damage Hypoxic-Ischemic Damage
Definition
Reduced oxygenation and blood supply to the brain can result from increased intracranial pressure, injury to the cardiopulmonary system, and cerebral vasospasm. Hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cortical watershed areas are most vulnerable
Term
Secondary Damage Seizures
Definition
Early-onset seizures occur within the first week and do not predict epilepsy. Late-onset seizures occur after first week, and two or more seizures constitutes epilepsy which complicates recovery and community integration
Term
Neurological Disorders Associated with Cognitive Impairments
Definition
TBI, Stroke, Hypoxic-hypotensive injury, Encephalitis and other infectious diseases, Brain tumors
Term
Distribution of Brain Injury
Focal
Definition
a) Damage in one focused location
b) Effect is dependent on size, location, and depth
c) Commonly results from cerebrovascular events, neoplasms or tumors, brain abscesses, focal trauma from a penetrating injury
Term
Distribution of Brain Injury
Multifocal
Definition
a) Damage occurs in several distinct locations, multiple distributed occurrences
b) May occur as a result from any of the above focal lesion injuries
c) Impairment is greatest when injuries are bilateral instead of unilateral and when they occur simultaneously instead of staggered over time
Term
Distribution of Brain Injury
Diffuse
Definition
a) Affects widely distributed areas of the brain
b) May occur as result of acceleration-deceleration injuries, hypoxic-ischemic injuries, and metabolic, infectious, and inflammatory disorders
c) Diffuse axonal injury in TBI
Term
X-Rays
Definition
determine fractures, calcified tumors or blood vessels, foreign bodies, tumors involving the skull, and evidence of raised intracranial pressure
Term
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
Definition
allows direct visualization of intracranial soft tissues, as well as bone, ventricles, subarachnoid spaces, orbits, sinuses, and blood vessels.
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
Produces three dimensional reconstructed images of the brain and surrounding skull, more detailed imaging than CT scans/finds small lesions in brainstem and other deep structures
Term
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Definition
dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow, brain metabolism, and other chemical processes while patient is engaged in different activities. Not widely available used mostly for research.
Term
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Definition
Images provide information of brain function based upon the flow of oxygenated blood to areas of the brain. Active areas of the brain require more oxygen which results in an increase of oxygenated blood flowing to the area.
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