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| The study of changes in physiology, cognition, and social behavior over the life span |
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| environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus |
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| a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequenly used are preserved, and those that are not are lost |
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| biologically determined time periods for the develpment of specific skills |
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| biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily |
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| a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances |
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| usually with animals, when an animal/human attaches itself with a sense of safety, a mother |
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| attachent style for a majority of infants, who are readily comforted when their caregiver returns after a brief separation |
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| attachment style in which infants ignore their caregiver when he or she returns after a brief separation |
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| anxious-ambivalent attachment |
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| attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns |
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| attachment style in which infants give mixed responses when their caregiver leaves and then returns from a short absence |
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| the inability to remember events from early childhood |
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| the process by which a new experience is placed into an existing schema |
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| the process by which a schema is changed to incorporate a new experience that does not easily fit into an existing schema |
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| the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which infants acquire information about the world through their senses and respond reflexively |
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| the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen |
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| the secondary stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which children think symbolically about objects, but reason is based on appearance rather than logic |
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| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| the third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which children begin to think about and understand operations in ways that are reversible |
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| the final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; it involves the ability to think abstractly and to formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic |
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| the term used to describe the ability to explain and predict other people's behavior as a result of recognizing their mental state |
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| earliest level of moral development in which self interest determines what is moral |
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| middle stage of moral development in which rules and the approval of others determines what is moral |
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| highest stage of moral development, in which decisions about morality depend on abstract principles |
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| the tendency for children to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax |
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| the maturation of skills or abilities that enable people to live in a world with other people |
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| personal beliefs about whether one is male or female |
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| the characteristics associated with males and females because of cultural influences or learning |
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| cognitive structures that influence how people perceive the behaviors of females and males |
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| the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas |
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| attitudes that people can report |
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| attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level |
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| an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior |
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| the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message |
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| elaboration likelihood model |
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| a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes |
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| the facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others |
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| explanations that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, and effort |
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| explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or the actions of other people |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior |
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| cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups |
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| people's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or others' expectations |
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| the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privelage members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup |
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| the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone |
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| a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards |
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| expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior |
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| the altering of one's opinionos or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms |
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| the tendency to agree to do things requested by others |
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| any behavior or action that involves the intention to harm someone else |
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| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
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| frustration generally leads to aggression: traffic->road rage |
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| tending to benefit others |
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| the providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so |
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| bystander intervention effect |
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Definition
| the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need |
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