Term
|
Definition
| an enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience |
|
|
Term
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Type of learned response when a neutral object creates a reflexive response when it is associated with a stimulus that produces that response |
|
|
Term
| Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning) |
|
Definition
| Learning Process which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood it will be repeated |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Response (RE) |
|
Definition
| Reflex, does not have to be learned |
|
|
Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
|
Definition
| Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| Stimulus that elicits a response after learning |
|
|
Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
|
Definition
| A response that has been learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conditioned response is weakened when the stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus
(if bell isn't presented to dog with food, dog will learn the bell isn't a good indicator of food, not starting salivation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Previously extinguished response emerges with the conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When stimuli are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus and still produce the conditioned response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differentiation between two similar stimuli when one of them is consistently associated with unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| model of classical conditioning. States that the strength of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus association is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any behavior that leads to a "satisfying state of affairs" will more likely occur again. Opposite of "annoying state" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated (food) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of operant conditioning. reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior (chicken 360 degrees) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the increase in the probability of a behavior's being repeated following the administration of a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in probability that a behavior will be repeated through the removal of the stimulus (button for electric shock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| punishment with the administration of a stimulus, decreasing the probability of behavior recurring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases the behavior's probability through the removal of a pleasurable stimulus (taking license after speeding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of learning when the desired behavior is reinforced each time it occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of learning where behavior is reinforced intermittently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reinforcements are based on the number of times a behavior occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| schedule where the reinforcement is available after a specific unit of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| schedule where reinforcement is consistently given on each occurrence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| schedule where reinforcement is provided at different rates or different times (random) |
|
|
Term
| partial-reinforcement extinction effect |
|
Definition
| greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual/spatial mental representation of an environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a unit of knowledge transferred within a culture (social norms) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when behaviors are acquired or modified following exposure to others performing the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imitation of behavior through observational learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people learn the consequences of an action by observing others being rewarded or punished for performing an action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurons activated during observation of others performing actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in behavioral response following repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimuli (birds in picnic area) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in behavioral response following exposure to threatening stimulus |
|
|
Term
| long term potentiation (LTP) |
|
Definition
| strengthening of a synaptic connection so that post-synaptic neurons are more easily activated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain usable skills and knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows the brain to process information from different visual features at the same time by focusing on targets over distractors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the common failure to notice large changes in environments (map/direction video) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the processing of information so that it can be stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the retention of encoded thoughts over time that corresponds some change in the nervous system that registers the event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of recalling or remembering stored information to use it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the three stage memory system that involves sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory (p.287) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for sensory information that is stored briefly close to its original sensory form. lasting only fractions of seconds. attached with sensory systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited capacity memory system that holds information in awareness for a brief period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use. combines memory from multiple sources. (also immediate memory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively permanent storage of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation. Items presented early and later are most likely remembered with the middle being forgotten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system underlying unconscious memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the processes involved when people remember specific information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared (consciously brought to mind) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for one's personal past experiences. includes information about the time and place the experiences the events occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for knowledge about the world. memories independant of personal experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of impolicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits (riding a bike) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remembering to do something at some time in the future (calendar rememberance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hypothetical cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, process, and use information. help sort out incoming information |
|
|
Term
| encoding specificity principle |
|
Definition
| any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory of the experience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hypothetical process involving the transfer of contents from immediate memory into long term memory. results from changes in the strength of neural connections that support memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval (taking a book off the shelves and having to sort it back on to the shelf correctly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for the physical environment. includes things such as location of objects, direction, and cognitive maps (landmarks) |
|
|
Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
|
Definition
| a mental disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to retrieve memory from long term storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced memory over time (forgetting the plot of a movie) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced memory due to failing to pay attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to remember needed information (failing to recall the name of a person you met on the street) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assigning a memory to the wrong source (falsely thinking that richard shiffrin is famous because his name is well known) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| altering a memory because of misleading information (developing false memories for events that did not happen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| influence of current knowledge on our memory for past events (remembering past attitudes as similar to current attitudes even though they have changed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the resurgence of unwanted or disturbing memories that we would like to forget (remembering an embarassing faux pas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information (remembering new locker combo, then forget the old one) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficits in long term memory that result from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inability to form new memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vivid memories for the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, consequential, and emotionally arousing event (9/11) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory distoriton that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered that information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the false recollection of episodic memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the changing of memories over time in ways consistent with prior beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strategies for improving memory: practice, elaborate material, overlearn, get adequate sleep, use verbal mnemonics, use visual imagery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that energize, direct, or sustain behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of biological or social deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maslow's arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs are lowest priority and personal growth needs are highest priority |
|
|
Term
| Hierarchy: self actualization |
|
Definition
| a state that is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspirations have been attained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological activation, such as increased brain activity, autonomic responses, sweating or muscle tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium (shivering to raise body temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hunger, thirst, warmth, air, sleep (bottom of pyramid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| security, protection, freedom from threats (second on pyramid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good self opinion, accomplishments, reputation (second from top of pyramid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external stimuli that motivate behaviors (as opposed to internal drives) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point and then decreases with increasing arousal (inverse parabola) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motivation to do something because of an external reward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motivation to do something because you are personally driven to do it, without an external reward |
|
|
Term
| Hierarchy: need to belong theory |
|
Definition
| need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes (middle of hierarchy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of physiological responses during sexual activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary theory that suggests men and women look for different qualities in relationship partners because of gender specific adaptive problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations (people living on a remote island still understand nonverbals as people living in a city) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences (feeling sick after looking over the edge of a cliff) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evolutionarily adaptive emotions that humans share across cultures. associated with specific biological and physical states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blends of primary emotions, including states such as remorse, guilt and anticipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the field of psychological science concerned with the events that affect physical well-being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a positive state that includes striving for optimal health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of behavioral and physiological responses to events that match or exceed an organisms abilities to respond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize and aversive stimulus |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) |
|
Definition
| the biological system responsible for the stress response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger |
|
|
Term
| tend and befriend response |
|
Definition
| females' tendency to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances rather than flee or fight in response to threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone that is important for mothers in bonding to newborns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized white blood cells known as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells that make up the immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body's mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses |
|
|
Term
| general adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
| 3 stages of response to stress: alarm (emergency response), resistance (defenses maximized), and exhaustion (systems fail) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competitive, achievement oriented, aggressive and impatient with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relaxed, noncompetitive, easygoing and accommodating |
|
|
Term
| allostatic load theory of illness |
|
Definition
| when people are continually stressed, they are unable to return to bodily states that characterize normal stress levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of coping process during which people evaluate their options and choose coping behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ratio of body weight to height, used to measure obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder caused by the fear of becoming fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the quality of a person's social relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that other people can provide direct support in helping individuals cope with stressful events |
|
|
