Term
|
Definition
Adherence of platelets (platelet adhesion) to
damaged endothelium during plug formation- changes occur in platelet form and internal architecture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Network of insoluble protein (fibrin) in which formed elements of blood are trapped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals involved in clotting: plasma and platelet coagulation factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of forming a fibrous clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein connective tissue found in skin, bone, ligaments, and cartilage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymatic breakdown of a blood clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inactive precursor of plasmin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plasma protein that is converted into thrombin during blood clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A protein formed from prothrombin by the action of thromboplastin and other
factors in the presence of calcium ions; factor IIa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A lipoprotein found in endothelium and other tissue; coagulation factor III,
also called tissue factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blood clot that obstructs a blood vessel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemostasis- physiologic process by which bleeding is stopped. Essentially, the process involves
converting the fluid blood into a non-flowing gel to prevent its escape from damaged
blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| Three basic mechanisms that operate to prevent blood loss. |
|
Definition
Vascular Spasm.
Platelet Plug Formation.
Blood clotting. |
|
|
Term
Blood coagulation (clotting)- Occurs as a sequence of three
mechanisms. What are they? |
|
Definition
1. Formation of prothrombin activator
2. Conversion of prothrombin to the enzyme thrombin by
prothrombin activator (referred to as common pathway)
3. Conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin by
thrombin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Promotes platelet activation, which exposes the platelet factor 3
(PF-3)
b. Enhances coagulation cascade activity
c. Results in more thrombin production, thus more clotting |
|
|
Term
| Factors Influencing Normal Hemostasis |
|
Definition
a. Vascular extracellular matrix
b. Platelets
c. Coagulation proteins
d. Inhibitors of coagulation
e. Fibrolysis |
|
|
Term
| The end result to both pathways (Intrinsic and Extrinsic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the components of the coagulation cascade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Occurs rapidly, within seconds if trauma is severe
2. Requires the release of tissue thromboplastin (also called tissue factor)
3. Together, tissue thromboplastin, coagulation factor VII, and Ca2+ ions
activate factor X
4. Once factor X is activated, it reacts with the membrane phospholipids,
factor V, and Ca2+ ions to form prothrombin activator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Occurs more slowly, usually requiring several minutes
2. Triggered when blood comes into contact with the underlying
collagenous fibers of damaged blood vessels that activate factor XII
3. Activated factor XII activates factor XI which, in turn, activates factor
IX
4. Once factor IX is activated, it acts together with factor VIII, Ca2+ ions,
and platelet phospholipids to activate factor X
5. Once factor X is activated, it reacts with platelet phospholipids, factor V,
and Ca2+ ions to form prothrombin activator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Once factor X is activated, it reacts with platelet phospholipids, factor V,
and Ca2+ ions to form prothrombin activator |
|
|
Term
normal coagulation involves these two events after clot
formation |
|
Definition
| Retraction and Fibrinolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Fibrin threads attach to damaged surfaces of the blood vessel and cause
contraction
2. As the clot retracts, it pulls the edges of the damaged vessel closer
together- decreasing the risk for hemorrhage
3. Platelets in the clot bind various fibrin threads together and release factor XIII that strengthens and stabilizes the clot. |
|
|
Term
| Involves dissolution of the blood clot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Thrombin, activated factor XII, and lysosomal enzymes from damaged
tissues activate plasminogen to plasmin
2. Once plasmin is formed, it can dissolve the clot by digesting fibrin
thread and inactivating substances such as fibrinogen, prothrombin, and
factors V, VIII, and XII
3. Plasmin is also an important enzyme in removing very small clots in small blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What factors require vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| Prothrombin (factor II) and factors VII, IX, and X |
|
|
Term
| Why does Vitamin K require fat? |
|
Definition
it can be absorbed through the mucosa of the intestines
and into the blood only if it is attached to fat. |
|
|
Term
| Which anticoagulant factors require Vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| protein C and its cofactor protein S. |
|
|
Term
| What do Protein C and Protein S do? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit factor Va and VIIIa |
|
|
Term
| Where is Vitamin K synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clotting factors require Vitamin K for their synthesis in the Liver? |
|
Definition
fibrinogen, prothrombin, and other
clotting factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proaccelerin, labile factor, or accelerator globulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ha Ha! There is no Factor VI! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator or procentertin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antihemophilic factor (AHF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stuart factor or Stuart-Power factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hageman factor or glass factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrin stabilizing factor. |
|
|
Term
| Primary abnormal clotting states |
|
Definition
| the abnormalities are due to genetic predisposition involving the coagulation factors themselves. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary abnormal clotting states |
|
Definition
| related to changes in coagulation factors, blood vessels, or blood flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The formation, development, or existence of a blood clot within the vascular system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Circulatory Stasis
2. Endothelial Injury
3. Hypercoagulable State |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An intravascular clot that floats within the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with arterial thrombi that form in the arterial system that occurs under conditions of high blood flow and are composed mostly of platelet aggregates held together by fibrin strands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Venous thrombi form in conditions of low flow
and are composed of mostly red cells with larger amount of fibrin and very few platelets. The slower flow rate makes the blood more likely to form a thrombus. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Static Flow Thrombus |
|
Definition
| in the cardiac chambers when a patient has atrial fibrillation or deep veins in the legs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thrombus in one the deep veins, such as the iliac or femoral veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed when inadequate or ineffective atrial contractions result in pooling of blood in the atria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form as a result of a therapeutic intervention that causes
endothelial injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A thrombus never forms outside a blood vessel, clots usually form in
extravascular spaces
A thrombus develops from and maintains a point of attachment to a
blood vessel's wall
Clots are formed as a less homogeneous mass, a thrombus yields a
mass in which the blood components are highly organized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
May be inherited or acquired or have components of both
types |
|
|
Term
| Factor V Leiden (Other Name) |
|
Definition
| Activated Protein C Resistance |
|
|
Term
| Most common inherited hypercoagulable state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Due to a single DNA base pair mutation in the factor V gene,
where Guanine (G) is replaced by adenine (A) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Leads to the substitution of amino acid glutamine for arginine
at position 506- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ultimately enhances factor Xa's conversion of prothrombin to
thrombin and coagulation is not inhibited. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
APC resistance is a functional activated partial thromboplastin
time (aPTT)-based coagulation test using factor V-deficient
plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Majority of thrombotic events (75%) occur spontaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation cascades can activate factor X |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ultimately leads to excess thrombin formation and unrestricted clot formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heterozygotes demonstrate a strong tendency for deep venous thrombosis, with the first incidence often occurring before the age of 25 years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the coagulation cascade, when factors Va and Xa are
compiled together, the inactivation site on factor Va is
"hidden" from protein C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leads to the unregulated procoagulant action of factor Xa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Antithrombin (AT) is an enzyme that interrupts the
coagulation process by |
|
Definition
inhibiting thrombin and activated
factors X, IX, and XI. |
|
|
Term
Risk for early development of deep venous thrombosis and
pulmonary embolus that can occur in late teens. Arterial
thrombotic events are rare |
|
Definition
| Antithrombin III deficiency |
|
|
Term
In this deficiency, multiple coagulation steps are unbalanced
and the coagulation cascade may proceed unrestrained |
|
Definition
| Antithrombin III deficiency |
|
|
Term
Deficiency are typically heterozygous as homozygous
deficiencies are almost always incompatible with life |
|
Definition
| Antithrombin III deficiency |
|
|
Term
Acquired cases are associated with sepsis, DIC, liver disease,
the nephrotic syndrome, and asparaginase chemotherapy |
|
Definition
| Antithrombin III deficiency |
|
|
Term
acquired auto-antibodies targeted against
phospholipids and phospholipids proteins. |
|
Definition
| AntiPhospholipid Antibodies |
|
|
Term
Can be primary or secondary with another autoimmune
disease such as systemic lupus erythematous |
|
Definition
| Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome |
|
|
Term
Associated with arterial thromboembolism, venous
thrombotic events, and pregnancy loss. |
|
Definition
| Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome Diagnostic Criteria |
|
Definition
Diagnostic criteria:
one or more episodes of arterial, venous, or small vessel
thrombosis in any tissue or organ
pregnancy morbidity including fetal death, premature birth,
and spontaneous abortion |
|
|
Term
elevated plasma levels of factor VIII are independent and
dose-dependent risk factor for VTE |
|
Definition
| Elevated level of factor VIII |
|
|
Term
elevated levels of plasma homocysteine are associated with
increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
methylene-tetrahydrofolate-reductase (MTHFR) enzyme is a
regulator of homocysteine metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
common in the North American
populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with elevated factor VIII level yet lowering elevated levels did not lead to decreased thromboembolic events |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Least common of the autosomal dominant disorders |
|
Definition
| Hereditary Dysfibrinogenemia |
|
|
Term
Abnormal fibrinogen molecules may form abnormal
polymers, which rather than being "extra sticky" are "extra
resistant" to the action of plasmin, which normally degrades
fibrin clots. This action may lead to uncontrolled bleeding. |
|
Definition
| Hereditary Dysfibrinogenemia |
|
|
Term
| May lead to abnormal bleeding or clotting; not considered life threatening. |
|
Definition
| Hereditary Dysfibrinogenemia |
|
|
Term
| liver disease: decreased protein C, S, and antithrombin |
|
Definition
| Conditions associated with acquired coagulation factor deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin K antagonist therapy: decreased protein C and S |
|
Definition
| Conditions associated with acquired coagulation factor deficiencies |
|
|
Term
estrogen (oral contraceptives, pregnancy, postpartum state,
hormone replacement therapy): decreased protein S |
|
Definition
| Conditions associated with acquired coagulation factor deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| inflammatory diseases: decreased protein S |
|
Definition
| Conditions associated with acquired coagulation factor deficiencies |
|
|
Term
acute thrombosis: decreased antithrombin and protein S
heparin therapy: decreased antithrombin |
|
Definition
| Conditions associated with acquired coagulation factor deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| Whom to test for thrombophilias |
|
Definition
first unexplained VTE before age 45
recurrent episode of VTE
patients with VTE who have clear evidence of a first degree relative with VTE
patients with visceral (mesenteric, hepatic, or portal) vein and cerebral vein
thrombosis
women with VTE on oral contraceptives
history of stillbirth fetus and contemplating another pregnancy
history of three or more unexplained spontaneous abortions and contemplating
another pregnancy
patient and/or physician looking for a cause of VTE
family seeking identification of possible cause |
|
|
Term
| Reasons to test for thrombophylias |
|
Definition
guide for prophylactic treatment of thrombus in the future,
determine the duration of treatment, explain cause for thrombus, and counseling patients
about future risks of venous thrombotic event. |
|
|
Term
| Reasons NOT to test for thrombophilias |
|
Definition
management of bleeding risk not altered, risk for misinterpretation of test, and risk for
higher insurance premium. |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Vascular Disease |
|
Definition
a collection of cardiovascular disorders consisting of disease
of the arterial and venous system (exclude heart and brain). |
|
|
Term
Usually only affects lower
extremities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PAD - Peripheral Artery Disease |
|
Definition
| Arterial ischemia or infarct |
|
|
Term
| Can affect upper and lower extermities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for dvt (part I) |
|
Definition
Age > 40 years
• Obesity
• History of smoking
• Pregnancy and postpartum period
• Family history |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for dvt (part II) |
|
Definition
Cancer
• Respiratory failure
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Neurological disease with extremity paresis
• Varicose veins |
|
|
Term
| Acquired risk factors for dvt |
|
Definition
hospitalization
• Surgery
• Trauma
• Immobility
• Paralysis
• Cancer treatment
• Central venous catherization
• Acute medical illness
• Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives; selective estrogen receptor
modulators
• Myeloproliferative disorders
• Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria
• Prolonged travel by airplane or car |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-specific
• Non-symptomatic
• Unilateral swelling of a lower extremity
• Positive Homan’s sign
• Fever in some patients
• Palpable cord in leg, often in the area behind the knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Doppler: visualize and diagnose a thrombosis in the arms
and legs. Not as effective in below knee DVT as it is in
proximal DVT of leg
D-dimer
MRI |
|
|
Term
| Occurs in 20-35% of patients following a DVT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Symptoms
Chronic leg pain or fatigue
Lower limb swelling
May have difficult with
ambulation
Venous leg ulceration
Superficial thrombophlebitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| account for 50,000-100,000 deaths each year in the USA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 month mortality is 10-15% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 44% of these patients have a confirmed diagnosis of DVT (thrombi from the iliofemoral vein are the most common source) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Dyspnea at rest or with exertion
• Sharp chest pain radiate to shoulder
• Hemoptyosis
• Calf or thigh swelling
• Feeling of apprehension or doom
• Tachypnea/tachycardia
• Distended neck vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dx test that Assesses both thrombin and plasmin
activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pulmonary angiogram remains gold
standard if spiral chest CT inconclusive for
any reason |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 stages of Peripheral Artery ischemia/infarct |
|
Definition
I. Asymptomatic
• 50% of patients
II. Intermittent claudication
III. Rest pain
IV. Necrosis/gangrene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Loss of hair on lower leg
• Thickened toenails
• Pale or mottled skin
• Diminished or absent pulses
• Arterial bruits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coolness of extremity
• Pallor of lower extremity
after leg elevation of 60
degrees; return of color
delayed > 15 seconds after
leg lowered
• Ulcers well demarcted edges
on bony prominences |
|
|
Term
| Sense of heaviness/fullness in legs |
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
• Wet, weeping ulcers usually over medial
malleoli |
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
• Discoloration of legs with splotchy brown
patches, especially around ankles |
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| • Edematous legs, feet, and ankles |
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| • Burning sensation in feet especially ankles |
|
Definition
| Chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Persons with diabetes may not
exhibit pain secondary to
neuropathy
• Women may report fatigue or
burning in the throat as primary
symptoms
• Older persons |
|
|
Term
Most common dysrhythmia seen in clinical
practice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The loss of coordinated atrial contractions can
lead to stagnation of blood resulting in
thrombus formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Independent risk factor for ischemic stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| • Prevalence increases with age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More common in males, white, age > 60, and family history |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
None
• Feeling dizzy or lightheaded
• Racing heart beat or palpitations
• Feeling weak or tired
• Chest discomfort or tightness
• Shortness of breath
• Irregular pulse |
|
|
Term
•Risk for rapid ventricular response
•Risk for decreased cardiac output
•Risk for stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Assessment tool for stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot pump
enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of
the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Inadequacy of the heart so that as a pump it fails
to maintain the circulation of the blood with the
result of congestion and edema develop in the
tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of heart failure (systolic) |
|
Definition
Reduce in muscle mass (acute myocardial infarction)
• Dilated cardiomyopathies
• Ventricular hypertrophy
– Aortic valve stenosis
– Pulmonic valve stenosis
– Valvular regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| Causes of heart failure (diastolic) |
|
Definition
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Infiltrative myocardial disease (sarcoidosis)
• Myocardial ischemia and infraction
• Mitral stenosis
• Tricuspid stenosis
• Pericardial disease (pericarditis, pericardial tamponade) |
|
|
Term
results from the heart’s inability to pump blood to
the rest of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inability of the heart to adequately
rest between beats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pulmonary hypertension
– Emphysema
– Chronic left-sided HF
– Chest wall deformities such as kyphoscoliosis |
|
Definition
| Causes of right sided heart failure |
|
|
Term
volume overload
inadequate tissue perfusion
poor exercise tolerance |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of heart failure |
|
|
Term
Decreased cardiac output
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Oliguria during the night
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Tachycardia
• Jugular vein distention
• Dependent edema
• Weight gain
Pulmonary congestion
• Hacking cough, worse at night
• Crackles or wheezes in lungs
• Tachypnea
• S3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduce myocardial workload
• Improve ventricular pump performance
• Control dysrhythmias
• anti-coagulation if indicated |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 characteristics of heart failure |
|
Definition
volume overload
inadequate tissue perfusion
poor exercise tolerance |
|
|
Term
| Fatigue, Weakness, Oliguria, Confusion |
|
Definition
| Signs of Decreased Cardiac Output in Heart Failure |
|
|
Term
| Dizziness, Tachycardia, JVD, WEIGHT GAIN, EDEMA |
|
Definition
| Signs of Decreased Cardiac Output in Heart Failure |
|
|
Term
• Hacking cough, worse at night
• Crackles or wheezes in lungs
• Tachypnea
• S3 |
|
Definition
| Signs of Pulmonary Congestion in Heart Failure |
|
|
Term
| Goals of Heart Failure Management |
|
Definition
• Reduce myocardial workload
• Improve ventricular pump performance
• Reduce myocardial remodeling
• Control dysrhythmias
• anti-coagulation if indicated |
|
|
Term
| Agents to reduce myocardial workload |
|
Definition
– Vasodilator
– Beta-adrenergic antagonists
– Diuretic; potassium supplement
– 2-4 gram sodium diet; fluid restriction only if necessary |
|
|
Term
| Agent to improve ventricular pump performance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agents to reduce myocardial remodeling |
|
Definition
– ACE inhibitor modulate the RAAS system
– Aldosterone antagonist |
|
|
Term
| combination of decompensated heart failure and kidney failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart valve with less durability |
|
Definition
| Biological (bioprosthetic) |
|
|
Term
| Heart valve with reduced risk of blood clots from forming |
|
Definition
| Biological (bioprosthetic) |
|
|
Term
| xenograft, heterograft, or allograft |
|
Definition
| Biological (bioprosthetic) |
|
|
Term
| Heart valve with excellent durability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart valve with greater tendency to form clots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart valve and location that presents greatest risk for clots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TIA, ischemic, and hemorrhagic |
|
|
Term
| – Warning sign (symptoms may only last 10-20 minutes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Occlusion of a cerebral artery by either a thrombus or
embolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cerebral vessel integrity is interrupted and bleeding
occurs into the brain tissue or into the space
surrounding the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of stroke that Typically occurs during activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of stroke with severe headache and nuchal rigidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of stroke with rapid onset of complete hemiplegia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Type of stroke with permanent loss of function with
slower, less complete recovery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of Ischemic Stroke |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of Ischemic Stroke in which ischemia occurs more slowly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of Ischemic Stroke which tends to develop during sleep or within one hour of arising |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of Ischemic Stroke which tends to have hypertension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of Ischemic Stroke which has no time pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of Ischemic Stroke which is unrelated to activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of Ischemic Stroke in which clinical manifestations occur rapidly within 10-30 seconds without warning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of Ischemic Stroke which may have rapid improvement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Patients with this condition which are four times more likely to develop a venous
thrombotic event than the general population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are cancer patients at greater risk for blood clots. |
|
Definition
– Tissue damage and inflammatory responses may
activate the clotting system
– Tumor may release chemicals triggering clotting |
|
|
Term
| Factors that can place a cancer patient at increased risk for clots during treatment |
|
Definition
• Chemotherapy can activate the clotting system
• More likely to have long-term venous access such as central
line or peripherally inserted central catheter
• Liver and renal function
• Inconsistent appetite with nausea and vomiting
• Limited mobility |
|
|
Term
| • Prevention of recurrent pregnancy loss in women with antiphospholipid antibodies |
|
Definition
| Indications for anticoagulation during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
• Prevent or treat venous
thromboembolism |
|
Definition
| Indications for anticoagulation during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
• In patient with a mechanical
heart valve |
|
Definition
| Indications for anticoagulation during pregnancy |
|
|
