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Definition
autonomic functions
includes centers for controlling respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes (coughing)
part of the reticular system
part of the brain stem |
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Definition
"bridge"
relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum
part of the brain stem |
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Definition
"little brain"
governs motor coordination for producing smooth movement |
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Definition
provides input to the basal ganglia, supplies dopamine to the striatum
involved in voluntary motor control ('movement with intention') and some cognitive functions (e.g. spatial learning) |
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Definition
| output function, relays signals from the basal ganglia to the thalamus |
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Definition
cerebrum
involved in processing and interpreting information |
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Definition
| voluntary motor control, some cognitive functions |
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Definition
emotions (amygdala)
memory (hippocampus) |
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Term
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Definition
thalamus: 'relay station' to and from the cortex
hypothalamus: regulates internal homeostasis, emotions, hormonal control (through the pituitary gland) and direct neuronal regulation |
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Definition
| sensory neurons (sight, smell, taste, hearing, vestibular functions) |
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Term
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Definition
| majority of neurons in the CNS, (e.g. motor neurons, interneurons); designed for integration |
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Term
| GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) |
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Definition
major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
depresses neuronal excitability by increasing the flux of Cl- ions into the neuron
there are GABA--A and GABA-B receptors
drugs that interact with GABA pathways are generally CNS depressants and include: sedative hypnotics (benzodiazepines, barbituates), anticonvulsants, anxiolytics |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitory neurotransmitter released by interneurons in the spinal cord
like GABA, induces hyperpolarization by allowing the inward flow of Cl-
antagonized by the toxic alkaloid strychnine |
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Term
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Definition
major excitatory aa neurotransmitter in the brain
excess glutamate can cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca2+ influx into the neuron
glutamate receptors are metabotropic (GPCRs) or ionotropic (NMDA and AMPA) |
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Term
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Definition
both muscarinic (M1-M5) and nicotinic receptors (as in the periphery)
examples of drugs targeting this form of neurotransmission are cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. Aricept, used to treat Alzheimers) |
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Term
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Definition
drug targets include the D1-D5 receptors (GPCRs) and the dopamine transporter (DAT)
DA neurons arise from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the SN
drugs that block DAT and thus increase extracellular DA (e.g. amphetamine or cocaine) can produce euphoria and lead to addiction
excessive dopaminergic signaling may be involved in schizophrenia
loss of DA neurons in the SN is responsible for PD
drugs that interact with DA pathways include: antipsychotics (D2 receptor antagonists) and D2/D3 and D1 receptor agonists for PD |
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Term
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Definition
drug targets include the alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (GPCRs) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET)
NE axons arise from the locs coeruleus in the brain stem
NET inhibitors are used to treat depression |
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Term
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Definition
drug targets are serotonin receptors (14 GPCRs and one gated ion channel) and the serotonin transporter (SERT)
5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies in the brain stem called the raphe (rah-fay) nuclei
serotonin systems are involved in sleep, vigilance, mood, and sexual function
5-HTa1 receptors are thought to be involved in anxiety
drugs that interact with 5-HT receptors include: 5-HT2a antagonists as atypical antipsychotics, 5-HT1d agonists for migraines, SERT uptake inhibitors for depression, 5-HT2a agonists are hallucinogenic (e.g. LSD) |
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Term
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Definition
resting tremor
rigidity
bradykinesia
impaired balance, coordination
mask-like appearance
speech difficulties, cognitive deficits |
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Term
| challenges associated with L-DOPA therapy |
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Definition
1. limitations associated with prodrug conversion
2. on/off oscillations (after several years of L-DOPA treatment)
*one way to address these challenges is to use dopamine receptor analogs-this is reasonable because the postsynaptic dopamine receptors are still present in the striatum |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that alters sensory processing in the brain upon administration of a single dose, causing changes in thought, mood, and perception |
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Definition
| loss of identity, self-awareness, control |
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Definition
| loss of contact with reality |
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Definition
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Definition
| mind or soul manifesting; altered senses |
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Definition
tryptamines: psilocin, psilocybin, DMT, LSD
phentylamines: mescaline, DOM, DOB |
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Term
| non-classical hallucinogens |
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Definition
cannabinoids: THC
others: PCP, ketamine, MDMA |
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Term
| psychostimulants are used clinically to... |
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Definition
treat narcolepsy
treat ADHD
as appetite suppressant (anorectics) |
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Term
| undesired effects of psychostimulants |
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Definition
prolonged use or large doses result in depression and fatigue after the acute stimulation
cardiovascular side effects (increase in diastolic and systolic pressure, heart rate reflexively slows)
high doses can elicit psychotic behavior |
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