Term
| What is the cause of multi-system atrophy in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 components of multi-system atrophy? |
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Definition
Parkinsonism
Autonomic dysfunction
Cerebellar ataxia |
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Term
| What arteries supply the internal capsule |
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Definition
| lenticulostriate branches of MCA |
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Term
| What components make up the internal capsule? |
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Definition
anterior 1/3 - motor
posterior 2/3 - sensory
posterior 1/3 - visual |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| basal ganglia and cerebellum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
vertical gaze
pupillary light reflex |
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Term
| what are the results for a normal caloric test? |
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Definition
cold water = nystagmus to contralateral side
warm water = same side |
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Term
| what is the response of a comatose patient to a caloric test with cold water? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the response of a comatose patient with cortex injury to a cold caloric test? |
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Definition
| slow response with cold water |
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Term
| what is the response of a malingering or schizophrenic comatose patient to a cold water caloric test? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four stages to pain managment |
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Definition
transduction
transmission
modulation
perception |
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Term
| what treat is used for transduction of pain? |
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Definition
| local anesthetics that block the primary afferent receptors |
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Term
| what treatment is used for transmission of pain? |
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Definition
| local anesthetics in the epidural space, subarachnoid space, and celiac plexus |
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Term
| what treatment is used for modulation of pain? |
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Definition
| epidural and subarachnoid opioids |
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Term
| what treatment is used the change the perception of pain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is nociceptive pain? |
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Definition
| pain via undamaged nerve fibers |
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Term
| what is neuropathic pain? |
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Definition
| pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system and is usually burning and throbbing pain |
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Term
| What neurotransmitters decrease the pain stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of acupuncture in pain management? |
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Definition
| acupuncture increases beta-endorphins, serotonin and NE, which stimulate the inhibitory pathway |
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Term
| What is the function of the neurostimulator in pain management? |
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Definition
neurostimulator sends an electrical impulse to dermatome affected by pain.
It is used in complex pain syndrome, chronic pain, causalgia |
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Term
| how many hours will a person with intrathecal drug delivery be pain free? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is intrathecal drug delivery more desirable than IV or oral drug delivery? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how the cell communicates with itself via second messengers |
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Term
| what are the five steps of neurotransmission? |
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Definition
synthesis
storage
release
receptor binding
inactivation |
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Term
| what are the three catecholamines? |
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Definition
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine |
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Term
| what amino acids are used to make catecholamines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are catecholamines made? |
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Definition
| catecholamines are made in the brain, adrenal, and sympathetic nerves |
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Term
| what is the role of cocaine in dopamine metabolism? |
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Definition
| cocaine increases the release of DA and inhibits its uptake |
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Term
| what is the effect of botulinum toxin on ACh? |
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Definition
| botulinum toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine |
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Term
| what is the method of inactivation of ACh? |
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Definition
| disposal via acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
| what type of acetylcholine receptor is the nicotinic receptor |
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Definition
| ionotrophic with 2 ACh as a ligand |
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Term
| what type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor? |
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Definition
metabo trophic
it acts through G proteins |
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Term
| Where are the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors found? |
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Definition
| medulla, midbrain, and pons |
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Term
| Where are the nicotinic receptors found? |
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Definition
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Term
| what drugs are used to treat myasthenia gravis and what is its mechanism? |
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Definition
| physostigmine and neostigmine are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors |
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Term
| what is serotonin made from? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is serotonin inactivated |
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Definition
| 5-HT transporter and degraded by MAO |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the method of inactivation of glutamate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of receptor is the GABAa receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mechanism of gabapentin? |
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Definition
| gabapentin increases glutamic acid decarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| what are the two glutamate receptors? |
|
Definition
mGLU1-8 are metabotropic
NMDA, AMPA, and KA are ionotropic |
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Term
| what drugs target glutamate receptors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does glycine have its action? |
|
Definition
| spinal cord and brainstem |
|
|
Term
| what drug blocks glycine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how is glycine terminated |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of neuropeptides? |
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Definition
| neuropeptides signal between the CNS and PNS |
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Term
| how do neuropeptides get to their target? |
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Definition
| neuropeptides are released directly into the blood or are secreted by endocrine glands |
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Term
| what determines the amount of neuropeptide released? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of NPY? |
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Definition
increase feeding
decrease anxiety |
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Term
| what neuropeptide is paired with NE? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what neuropeptide(s) are paired with GABA? |
|
Definition
enkephalin
substance P
dynorphin |
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Term
| what neuropeptides are paired with ACh? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What neuropeptides are paired with dopamine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what receptor does POMC act on? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what receptor do the enkephalins act on? |
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Definition
delta
GH release, analgesia |
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Term
| what receptor do the dynorphins act on? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the effects of activation at the sigma receptor? |
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Definition
dysphoria
hallucination
increased respiration
mydriasis |
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Term
| How many amino acids make up enkephalin, endorphin, and dynorphin? |
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Definition
enkephalin = 5
endorphin = 30
dynorphin = 17 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sustance P is a _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| in the amygdala, substance P causes _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| what does H&E stain for in the brain? |
|
Definition
infections
neoplastic processes |
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Term
| what is used to stain for fungi in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| how would you identify a schwannoma in the CNS? |
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Definition
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