Term
| What two main parts compose the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main types of matter in the CNS? What are their functions? |
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Definition
White Matter (information transmission) Gray Matter (information processing) |
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Term
| Pathological Liars have a significantly greater amount of this: |
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Definition
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Term
| The human brain receives sensory input from what two areas? |
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Definition
| The spinal cord and its own nerves (e.g. olfactory and optic nerves) |
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Term
| Most of the volume of the brain is devoted to doing what? |
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Definition
| Processing sensory inputs and initiating approporiate, coordinated motor outputs. |
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Term
| What are the three regions of the brain? |
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Definition
- Hindbrain
- Midbrain
- Forebrain
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Term
| The left and right cerebral hemispheres control what respectively? |
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Definition
Left controls right side motor coordination Right controls left. |
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Term
| What is the cerebral cortex divided into? |
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Definition
Four lobes: - Frontal Loe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
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Term
| What are the hidden regions of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
- Olfactory bulbs
- Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
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Term
| The hypothalamus is the source of what hormones? |
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Definition
Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH) Somatostatin Dopamine Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin |
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Term
| How much blood does the human body contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many times does the blood circulate through the body every day? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many miles does the blood travel per day? |
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Definition
| About 12,000 miles every day. |
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Term
| What percentage of blood flow does the brain receive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two main arteries supply blood to the brain? |
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Definition
Internal Caroid Artery Vertebral Artery |
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Term
| How is the spine divided? |
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Definition
31 segments
- Cervical Region (8 segments)
- Thoracic Region (12 segments)
- Lumbar Region (5 segments)
- Sacral Region (5 segments)
- Coccygeal Rebion (1 segment)
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the skeleton and the CNS. |
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Definition
The brain regulates the position of bones by controlling muscles. The bones provide calcium to the CNS, the skull protects the brain from injury. Sensory receptors in joints between bones send signal sabout body position to the brain. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and Cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
The brain regulates the heart rate and blood pressure. Endothelial cells maintain blood-rain arrier Baroreceptors send information to the brain about blood pressure. Cerebrospinal fluid drains into venous blood supply: excretion of waste from the brain. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and Musclar system. |
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Definition
Receptors in muscle provide the brain with information about body position and movement. The brain controls contraction of skeletal muscle. The CNS regulates heart rate and the speed at which food moves through the digestive tract. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and the endocrine system. |
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Definition
Hormones provide feedback to the brain to affect neural processing. Reproductive hormones affect the development of the CNS. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and other endocrine glands. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and the lymphatic system. |
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Definition
Lymphatic system protects CNS from infection. The brain can stimulate defense mechanisms against infections. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between CNS and respiratory system. |
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Definition
Respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide. Brain monitors respiratory volume and blood gas levels. Regulates respiratory rate. |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and digestive system. |
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Definition
Digestive system processes provide the building blocks for neurotransmitters. Sends sensory information to the brain Brain controls drinking and feeding behavior Brain controls muscles for eating and elimination |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and the Reproductive system. |
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Definition
Reproductive hormones affect brain development and sexual behavior The brain controls mating behavior |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and the urinary system. |
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Definition
The bladder sends sensory information to the brain. The brain controls urination |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between the CNS and the Integuementary System (skin, hair) |
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Definition
Receptors in the skin send sensory information to the brain The CNS controls muscles connected to hair folicles. |
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Term
| What are the types of Glial Cells? |
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Definition
Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes |
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Term
| What are the main CNS cells? |
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Definition
| Neurons, Glial Cells, Brain microvascular endothelial cells. |
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Term
| What are the differences between Axons and Dendrites? |
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Definition
Axons take information away from the cell body, have a smooth surface, gernerally only have one axon per cell. No ribosomes, have myelin, and branch further from the cell body. Dendrites bring inforamtion to the cell body. Havve a rough surface (dendritic spins) Usually have many dendrites per cell. Have ribosomes. Branch closer to the cell body. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of a neuron, in terms of organelles. |
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Definition
Nucleus Nissl Bodies Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Microfilaments/Neurotubules Mitochondria |
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Term
| How do neurons differ from other types of cells? |
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Definition
- Have special extensions called dendrites and axons.
- Neurons communicate with each other trhough an electrochemical process.
- Neurons are the oldest cells in the body.
- Neurons are the longest and largest cells in the body.
- Neurons contain some specialized structures (e.g. synapses) and chemical (e.g. neurotransmitters)
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Term
| How many cells die and are reborn every day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of neurotransmission: |
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Definition
- Electrical Trigger
- Neurotransmitter Vesicles released from Presynaptic Nerve Terminal into the Synaptic cleft
- Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind with postsynpatic ending
- Postsynaptic cells fire an action potential continuing the message.
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Term
Describe catecholamine pathway. |
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Definition
| L-tyrosine => L-dopa => dopamine => L-norepinephrine => L-epinephrine |
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Term
| How are glial cells different from neurons? |
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Definition
| Glial cells only have either axons or dendrites. Not both. Do not produce action potentials, and the do not have chemical synapses. |
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Term
| What are the similarities/differences between Oligodendrocyte and Schwann Cell |
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells both produce myelin sheaths. Oligodendrocytes are able to produce many at once, while Schwann Cells can only make one. Olig. are found in the CNS, Schwann Cells in the PNS. |
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Term
| How does the Blood Brain Barrier act as a physical barrier? |
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Definition
Large molecules do not pss Low lipid soluble molecules do not pass High electrical charged molecules do not pass |
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Term
| How is the brain's glucose level controlled? |
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Definition
| The blood brain barrier transports exactly the correct amount of glucose from the blood to the brain. |
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Term
| How can P-Glycoproteins cause problems, particularly in patient treatment? |
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Definition
| The proteins restrict the entry of the drugs to the brain - particularly troublesome when dealing with tumors. |
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Term
| What characteristics must therapeutic drugs have to pass the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
- Must be lipid soluble
- Have a molecular weight < 400~500 Daltons
- Cannot be a substrate for a Blood Brain Barrier active efflux transporter (e.g. P-Glycoprotein).
This restricts 100% of large molecule drugs, and 98% of small molecule drugs. |
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Term
| What can cause the blood brain barrier to break down? |
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Definition
- Hypertension
- Hyperosmolarity
- Microwaves
- Radiation
- Infection
- Trauma, Ischemia, Inflammation
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Term
| What are the circumbentricular organs? |
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Definition
Pineal gland Median eminence Organum vasculosum Subfornical organ Area postrema Neurohypophsis |
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