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CNS Questions
VT BMES 5004
42
Physiology
Graduate
09/16/2008

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Cards

Term
What two main parts compose the CNS?
Definition

Brain

Spinal Cord

Term
What are the two main types of matter in the CNS? What are their functions?
Definition

White Matter (information transmission)

Gray Matter (information processing)

Term
Pathological Liars have a significantly greater amount of this:
Definition
~22% more White Matter
Term
The human brain receives sensory input from what two areas?
Definition
The spinal cord and its own nerves (e.g. olfactory and optic nerves)
Term
Most of the volume of the brain is devoted to doing what?
Definition
Processing sensory inputs and initiating approporiate, coordinated motor outputs.
Term
What are the three regions of the brain?
Definition
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Forebrain
Term
The left and right cerebral hemispheres control what respectively?
Definition

Left controls right side motor coordination

Right controls left.

Term
What is the cerebral cortex divided into?
Definition

Four lobes:

 

  1. Frontal Loe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital Lobe
  4. Temporal Lobe
Term
What are the hidden regions of the cerebral cortex?
Definition
  1. Olfactory bulbs
  2. Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
Term
The hypothalamus is the source of what hormones?
Definition

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH)

Somatostatin

Dopamine

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Term
How much blood does the human body contain?
Definition
Average 5.6 liters
Term
How many times does the blood circulate through the body every day?
Definition
4,320 times every day.
Term
How many miles does the blood travel per day?
Definition
About 12,000 miles every day.
Term
What percentage of blood flow does the brain receive?
Definition
15-20%
Term
What two main arteries supply blood to the brain?
Definition

Internal Caroid Artery

Vertebral Artery

Term
How is the spine divided?
Definition
31 segments
  1. Cervical Region (8 segments)
  2. Thoracic Region (12 segments)
  3. Lumbar Region (5 segments)
  4. Sacral Region (5 segments)
  5. Coccygeal Rebion (1 segment)
Term
Describe the relationship between the skeleton and the CNS.
Definition

The brain regulates the position of bones by controlling muscles.

 

The bones provide calcium to the CNS, the skull protects the brain from injury. Sensory receptors in joints between bones send signal sabout body position to the brain.

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and Cardiovascular system.
Definition

The brain regulates the heart rate and blood pressure.

 

Endothelial cells maintain blood-rain arrier

Baroreceptors send information to the brain about blood pressure.

Cerebrospinal fluid drains into venous blood supply: excretion of waste from the brain.

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and Musclar system.
Definition

Receptors in muscle provide the brain with information about body position and movement.

 

The brain controls contraction of skeletal muscle. The CNS regulates heart rate and the speed at which food moves through the digestive tract.

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and the endocrine system.
Definition

Hormones provide feedback to the brain to affect neural processing. Reproductive hormones affect the development of the CNS.

 

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and other endocrine glands.

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and the lymphatic system.
Definition

Lymphatic system protects CNS from infection.

 

The brain can stimulate defense mechanisms against infections.

Term
Describe the relationship between CNS and respiratory system.
Definition

Respiratory system supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide.

 

Brain monitors respiratory volume and blood gas levels. Regulates respiratory rate.

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and digestive system.
Definition

Digestive system processes provide the building blocks for neurotransmitters. Sends sensory information to the brain

 

Brain controls drinking and feeding behavior

Brain controls muscles for eating and elimination

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and the Reproductive system.
Definition

Reproductive hormones affect brain development and sexual behavior

 

The brain controls mating behavior

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and the urinary system.
Definition

The bladder sends sensory information to the brain.

 

The brain controls urination

Term
Describe the relationship between the CNS and the Integuementary System (skin, hair)
Definition

Receptors in the skin send sensory information to the brain

 

The CNS controls muscles connected to hair folicles.

Term
What are the types of Glial Cells?
Definition

Astrocytes

Microglia

Oligodendrocytes

Term
What are the main CNS cells?
Definition
Neurons, Glial Cells, Brain microvascular endothelial cells.
Term
What are the differences between Axons and Dendrites?
Definition

Axons take information away from the cell body, have a smooth surface, gernerally only have one axon per cell. No ribosomes, have myelin, and branch further from the cell body.

 

Dendrites bring inforamtion to the cell body. Havve a rough surface (dendritic spins)

Usually have many dendrites per cell. Have ribosomes. Branch closer to the cell body.

Term
Describe the structure of a neuron, in terms of organelles.
Definition

Nucleus

Nissl Bodies

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Microfilaments/Neurotubules

Mitochondria

Term
How do neurons differ from other types of cells?
Definition
  1. Have special extensions called dendrites and axons.
  2. Neurons communicate with each other trhough an electrochemical process.
  3. Neurons are the oldest cells in the body.
  4. Neurons are the longest and largest cells in the body.
  5. Neurons contain some specialized structures (e.g. synapses) and chemical (e.g. neurotransmitters)
Term
How many cells die and are reborn every day?
Definition
50 billion
Term
Describe the process of neurotransmission:
Definition
  1. Electrical Trigger
  2. Neurotransmitter Vesicles released from Presynaptic Nerve Terminal into the Synaptic cleft
  3. Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind with postsynpatic ending
  4. Postsynaptic cells fire an action potential continuing the message.
Term

Describe catecholamine pathway.

Definition
L-tyrosine => L-dopa => dopamine => L-norepinephrine => L-epinephrine
Term
How are glial cells different from neurons?
Definition
Glial cells only have either axons or dendrites. Not both. Do not produce action potentials, and the do not have chemical synapses.
Term
What are the similarities/differences between Oligodendrocyte and Schwann Cell
Definition
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells both produce myelin sheaths. Oligodendrocytes are able to produce many at once, while Schwann Cells can only make one. Olig. are found in the CNS, Schwann Cells in the PNS.
Term
How does the Blood Brain Barrier act as a physical barrier?
Definition

Large molecules do not pss

Low lipid soluble molecules do not pass

High electrical charged molecules do not pass

Term
How is the brain's glucose level controlled?
Definition
The blood brain barrier transports exactly the correct amount of glucose from the blood to the brain.
Term
How can P-Glycoproteins cause problems, particularly in patient treatment?
Definition
The proteins restrict the entry of the drugs to the brain - particularly troublesome when dealing with tumors.
Term
What characteristics must therapeutic drugs have to pass the blood brain barrier?
Definition
  1. Must be lipid soluble
  2. Have a molecular weight < 400~500 Daltons
  3. Cannot be a substrate for a Blood Brain Barrier active efflux transporter (e.g. P-Glycoprotein).
This restricts 100% of large molecule drugs, and 98% of small molecule drugs.
Term
What can cause the blood brain barrier to break down?
Definition
  1. Hypertension
  2. Hyperosmolarity
  3. Microwaves
  4. Radiation
  5. Infection
  6. Trauma, Ischemia, Inflammation
Term
What are the circumbentricular organs?
Definition

Pineal gland

Median eminence

Organum vasculosum

Subfornical organ

Area postrema

Neurohypophsis

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