Cystitis

(commonly in female because the female urethra is short)

Nephritis

Causes Hypertension, edema and Oliguria/Liguria (decreased urination)

Tx : 

• BR (bed rest)
• Low sodium diet and restrict fluids
• Frequent VS
• accurate intake and output
• Steroids
• Dialysis (process removing the waste products from the blood)

Pain sudden and intense in renal calculi/kidney stones

• Force Fluid
• Strain all urine
• Possible surgery using cystoscope through urethra or through a surgical incision
• Lithotripsy (using sound waves to crush the stones)

Hydronephrosis

Cause by :

• Renal calculi'Kinking or twisting of the ureters
• Tumors, hypertrophy
• Distended bladder

Tx :

Draining urine above the blockage

loss of control of urination;

Incontinence (loss of control of urine or stool) is not part of the aging

• Accurate I&O
• Report sign & symptom (bleeding, chilling, elevated temperature, reduced output, increased edema, pain)
• FF or restrict fluids
• Obtain urine specimen : odor, color, or sediment

Techniques used to diagnose problems of the urinary tract :

• MRI
• CAT
• Urinalysis
• Cystoscopy
• Pyelogram
• Blood chemistry

Straight catheters (French catheter)

They do not remain in the bladder

Catheter care :

A. Used soap and water

B. Performed on each shift

C. Daily with a solution approved by facility

D. Wash the catheter toward the perineal

E. Called Indwelling catheter care

indwelling catheter may be perform during routine morning car as part of perineal care 

A. True

B. False

• grasp the penis and draw the foreskin back if not circumcised
• Cleanse the glans from the meatus toward the shaft for approximately 4 inches
• make sure to return the foreskin to its proper position

You can put the patient with catheter to bed while he is wearing a leg bag

A. True

B. False

B. False

The urine may flow back into the bladder, disconnect the leg bag and connect the catheter to the regular drainage bag when the patient is in bed.

suprabubic or indwelling urethral catheter

The bag is removed and new bag applied every 3 to 4 weeks. Contraindicated with a condom catheter because the combination increases the risk for irritation and infection.

internal female structures :

• ovariesfallopian
• tubes (oviducts)
• uterusvagina

external female structures  (genitalia)

• Vulva
• clitoris
• urinary meatus
• vaginal meatus

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Treatment : prostatectomy

• TURP transurethral prostatectomy
• perineal prostatectomy
• suprabubic prostatectomy 

brachytherapy

radiation therapy in which tiny radioactive seeds or pellets are implanted directlyinside the prostate gland.

Rectoceles

Cause constipation and hemorrhoids (varicose veins of the rectum)

Cystoceles

Cause urinary incontinence

Indications of fumors (benign and malignant) of the uterus and ovaries are changes in the menstrual flow, such as :

• Menorrhagia (excessive flow)
• Amenorrhea (lack of menstrual flow)
• Dysmenorrhea(difficult or painful menstrual flow)
• Metrorrhagia (bleeding at completely irregular intervals)

• Hysterectomy (removal of entire uterus)
• Oophorectomy (removal of an ovari)
• Salpingectomy (removal of a fallopian tube)
• Panhystectomy (removal of the uterus and both ovaries and tubes)

Mastectomy

• Simple mastectomy (removes the breast tissue only)
• Radical mastectomy (includes the breast tissue, underlying muscles and the glands in the axillary area)
• Lumpectomy (removes the abnormal tissue and only a small amount of the breast tissue)

Sexual Transmitted Disease

• Trichomonas Vaginitis
• Gonorrhea
• Syphilis
• Herpes
• Venereal warts
• Chlamydia
• HIV

Pap smear

dilatation and curettage (D&C)

• Biopsy
• blood tests for prostate CA
• MRI
• Cat scan
• ultrasound
• cystoscopy
• self exam 
• mammogram

• Begin as soon as possible
• Stress the patient's ability not diability
• Activity strengthens and inactivity weakens
• Treat the whole person

Complications from inactivity or immobility affecting musculoskeletal  systems :

• Atrophy; muscle become week
• Constructure; shortening of the muscle
• Osteoporosis; bone become poros

• PE (Pulmanory embolism)
• Edema
• Syncope

• Weight loss
• indigestion
• constipation
• choking 
• aspiration

• UTI; bladder doesn't empty completely
• Incontinence; inability to get to the bath room
• renal calculi; stone may develop from calcium in the bloodstream resulting from osteoporosis

• weakness
• limited mobility
• insomnia

• Depression
• disorientation
• irritability; lethargy cause by frustration