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Details

CNA Unit 38, 39
Anatomy
98
Nursing
Not Applicable
10/30/2012

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Basic unit of Human body (the smallest and simple unit of the body)
Definition
Cells
Term
Group of cells function together (two or more cells of the same type group together to perform a specific function)
Definition
Tissue
Term
Group of tissue function together (Two or more same type of tissue group together perform a specific function) 
Definition
Organs
Term

Group of organ function together (Two or more same type of organ group together perform a specific function) 

Definition
System3
Term

Nail :

A. Comprised of connective tissue

B. Living cells

C. Extension of the epidermis

D.Form from the tissue of the integument (body shell)

Definition

C. Extension of the epidermis

 

A. Wrong-living cells comprised of  connective tissue, nail is epithelial cells/"dead cells"

B. Wrong-nail is "dead" cells

D. Wrong-the teeth are formed from the tissues of the integument (body shell), nail is extension of the epidermis

Term

What is right about hair, accept :

A. Hair lubricated and kept flexible by oil lglands

B. Protein composition

C. Grown out of follicles

D. Cover all body surfaces included palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

 

Definition

D. Cover all body surfaces included palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Hair cover all body surfaces axcept for palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.

Term
Attach the skin to the muscles
Definition
Subcutaneous tissues
Term

Epidermis is :

A. Contains blood vessels, nerve fibers and two kinds of glands

B. consists of dead outer cells

C. Contains the apocrine glands

D. Injury to this layer cause bleeding

Definition

B. consists of dead outer cells

 

A. Wrong - dermis contains blood vessels, nerve fibers and two kinds of glands,

C. Wrong - epidermis doesn't contain glands. the apocrine glands located mainly in the underarm and genital areas (it is odorless, body odor is caused by the ation of the skin's normal bacteria on the sweat).

D. Wrong - injury to this layer does'nt cause bleeding,  but the nerve ending reach into epidermis layer. Nerve ending called receptor receive information about : heat, cold, pain, pressure, temperature regulation.

Term
Changes in skin structures caused by injury or disease
Definition
Lesions
Term
Condition where there is inadequate oxygen (blood contain very low of oxygen/the blood is darker) cause the dusky, bluish discoloration of skin, lips and nails appeared.
Definition
Cyanotic
Term
Skin function :
Definition
  • Protection - first line of defense and gives humans individualized appearance
  • Storage - Vitamin (vit D) and fat
  • Elimination - loses water, salts and heat through perspiration
  • Sensory perception - contain nerve ending that keep us aware of environmental changes, Regulates body temperature.
Term

Aging change in the skin :

 

Definition
  • Dry and fragile (tears, breaks, bruises)
  • increased sensitivity to heat and cold
  • Loss fat and elasticity (thinning, scaling)
  • Thinning hair (baldness;facial hair in women)
  • Thickening of fingernails and toenails
  • Skin irregularities (wart, moles, skin tabs, "age" spots)

 

 

Term
Flat, discolored spots, as in measles
Definition
Macules
Term
Small, solid, raised spots, as in chickenpox
Definition
Papules
Term
Raised spots filled with pus, as in acne
Definition
Pustules
Term
Raised spots filled with watery fluid, such as a blister
Definition
Vesicles
Term
Large, raised, irregular areas frequently associated with itching, as in hives
Definition
Wheals
Term
Portions of the skin appear scraped or scratched away
Definition
Excoriations
Term
Areas of dried body secretions, such as scabs
Definition
Crusts
Term
Specific type of cancer of persons whose immune systems are depressed, such as those suffering from HIV infection :
Definition
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Term
Pediculosis
Definition
Lice
Term

The different between pediculosis (lice) and scabies :

A. Scabies are microscope, lice can be seen with the eye

B. Scabies spread by direct contact, lice indirect

C. Scabies are severe, maddening itching, lice mild severe

D. Scabies cause rash, lice no.

Definition

A. Scabies are microscope, lice can be seen with the eye

 
B. Wrong - Both scabies and lice spread by direct nontact and indirect contact
C. Wrong - Both severe
D. Wrong - Both cause rash
Term
Injuries that result from scraping the skin
Definition
Abrasions
Term
Mechanical injuries (usually caused by a blow) resulting in hemorrhage beneath the unbroken skin
Definition
Contusions
Term
Ecchymosis is a
Definition
bruise
Term
A localized mass of blood that is confined to one area
Definition

hematoma


examp : baby born with suction can develop hematoma

Term
Lacerations are
Definition
accidental breaks in the skin
Term
Dark purple bruises on the forearms and backs of hands. These are common in elderly individuals 
Definition

Senile purpula

use tepid water 80ºF - 95%F

Term
Shallow injuries in which the epidermis is torn. The shape is often irregular. These injuries are also common in elderly individuals.
Definition
Skin tears
Term

When bathing patient with skin lessions, following safety precaution :

A. Change the dressing during  admission

B. Pour the special products when patient in the tub

C. Use regular bed linen

D. Pat the skin dry

Definition

D. Pat the skin dry - do not rub


A. Wrong - Observe the pts's skin on admission, but do not remove dressing.

B. Wrong - pour special product and hot water before pts in the tub

C. Wrong - Use special bed linen such as sterile linen, linen that has been washed in special detergent, or disposable linen


Term

When bathing patient with skin lession use :

A. Soap and water

B. Rubbing lotions

C. Hot water 

D. Colloidal oatmeal

Definition

D. Colloidal oatmeal - to relieve irritation, reduce itching, and moisturize, soften and protect skin


A & B.  Wrong - contraindicated (not permitted)

C. Wrong - use tepid water (80ºF - 93ºF)

pg 651

Term
Open area that develop on the skin over a bony prominence as the result of pressure
Definition

Pressure ulcers, bedsores or dermal ulcers

Decubitus (latin : lying down) ulcer is an older term that continues to be used, it is not as accurate as pressure ulcers because it can occur when a patient is not in bed.

Term
When the skin moves in one direction while the structures under the skin, such as the bones, remain fixed or move in the opposite direction.
Definition
Shearing
Term
Rubbing the skin against another surface, such as bed linen
Definition
Friction
Term
Lack of nourishment, the skin breaks down and an ulcer forms.
Definition
Necrosis
Term

Literal position pressure ulcer appear :

A. Rim of ears, Occiput, elbow, shoulder, sacrum and coccyx, buttocks, lateral knee, heels, toes

B. Side of head, ears, elbows, shoulders, perineum, hips, anterior knee, ankles

C. Back of head, shoulder blade, elvows, spine, sacrum and coccyx, hip bones, buttocks, toes, medial knee, especially the heels.

D. Back of the upper and lower arm, shoulder blades and spine, buttocks, coccyx

Definition
Term
Tissue breakdown occurs in 4 stage :
Definition

Stage I : skin develops a redness or blue-gray discoloration over the pressure area. Skin is not broken. For dark skinned people, the area may appear drier or it may appear dark blue or black.

Stage II : The skin is reddened and there are abrasions, blisters, or a shallow crater at the site. Involved epidermis alone or both the epidermis and dermis.

Stage III : All the layers of the skin are destroyed and a deep crater forms.

Stage IV :Ulcer extends through the skin and subcutaneous tissues and may involve bone, muscle and other structures. Fluid loss and is at great risk for infection.

Term

Action of NA when skin breakdown occurs :

A. Assist with dressing change a dry sterile dressing (DSD)

B. Apply saline solution to loosen the tape to prevent injury

C. Assisting with whirpool baths, if ordered, to keep the area clean

D. Assisting with gauze soaked in a wound gel

Definition

C. Assisting with whirpool baths, if ordered, to keep the area clean

 

A. Wrong-Nurse or physician should perform the procedure (every 3-5 days), NA reporting indications of infection, such as fever, odor, drainage, bleeding and changes in size

B & D.Wrong-The wounds may be cleaned by the nurse or physician 

Term

Ensuring adequte circulation to tissues is a major factor in preventing skin breakdown, accept :

 

 

Definition
  • Positioning the patient properly
  • Using mechanical aids
  • Giving backrubs
  • Performing active or passice range-of-motion exercises
Term
Five basic position :
Definition
  1. Supine position
  2. Semisupine
  3. Lateral position
  4. Semiprone position
  5. Fowler's position
Term

Prone position is a sixth position, special attention :

A. Turn position every 4 hours.

B. Elevated the head of bed 45ºangle.

C. Remain in the room for 10 to 15 minutes after positioning.

D. Encourage to raise themselves every 15 minutes.

 

Definition

C. Remain in the room for 10 to 15 minutes after positioning.

 

A. Wrong-turn position every 2 hours

B. Wrong - Fowler's position 45º angle

D. Wrong - For positioning patient in the wheel chair, encourage to raise themselves every 15 minutes

Term

Used to prevent pressure ulcers :

A. Body mechanic

B. Standar precaution

C. Mechanical Aids

D. Ergonomic

Definition
C. Mechanical Aids (Sheep skin pads, foam pads/pillow, bed cradles, alternating-pressure mattresses, floatation mattresses, air mattresses, gel-filled mattresses, low air loss beds and other therapeutic beds or mattresses)
Term

Preventing pressure ulcer :

A. Rub skin vigorously

B. Apply moisturizers on dry skin by patting

C. Apply lotion include between toes

D. Use hot water during bathe

Definition

B. Apply moisturizers on dry skin by patting

 

A,B & C. Wrong 

Term
Turning Schedule :
Definition
[image]
Term

 Preventing pressure ulcers, accept :

A. Do not use lotion on broken skin

B. Use turning sheet to move  dependent patients in bed

C. Elevate the bed higher than 30º angle

D. Protec areas at risk,such as heels and elbows

Definition
C. Elevate the bed higher than 30º angle-If the patient must have the head elevated (continuous tube feeding is infusing) elevate the bed not higher than 30º angle
Term
Carry out range of motion exercises at least 
Definition
twice daily to encourage circulation
Term

For patient on the wheel chairs/chair, to reduce pressure on buttocks and sacrum, use :

 

Definition
foam, gel, or air cushions to reduce pressure
Term
For patients in bed, relieve pressure on heels by 
Definition
supporting feet off the bed.  Use a pad between the legs when the patient is on her side.
Term

Mechanical Aids are used to prevent pressure ulcers, but they do not relieve pressure, accept :

A. Sheepskin pads

B. Foam pads

C. Low Air Loss Therapy Beds 

D. Protector for areas such as heels and elbows

Definition

C. Low Air Loss Therapy Beds 

 
Term

Low air loss bed :

A. Filled with a sand-like material

B. CPR is not effective

C. Doesn't relief pressure

D. Tucking the bottom sheet in tightly

Definition

B. CPR is not effective

 

A. Wrong - Clinitron bed is filled with a sand-like material

C. Wrong - reduce pressure

D. Wrong - flat sheet should be loosely applied, use this bed with nylon cover only, without sheets. Facilities have several extra covers for each bed, special care for washing, must be aired dried)

Term

Low air loss therapy beds provides pressure relief those who are at risk of prssure ulcers, and some patient with burns and keep patient cooler and drier than other types of beds. Patient using a low air loss bed must be, accept :

A. Turn and positioned regularly

B. Flat sheet should be loosely applied

C. Use nylon cover

D. Doesn't need disposable underpads 

Definition
D. Doesn't need disposable underpads - special disposble underpads are used with the low air loss bed
Term
Prevents the weight of the bedclothes from falling on some part of the body 
Definition
Bed Cradle
Term
Device placed between the mattress and bed to keep the feet at right angles to the legs (natural standing position)
Definition
  Foot board - It used to prevent a type of contracture called foot drop
Term
Traumatic injuries to the skin and underlying tissues
Definition

Burn

  • Thermal burn
  • Chemical burn
  • Electrical burn
Term
Burn cause by heat, fire or flame
Definition
Thermal Burn
Term
Burn caused by exposure to chemicals that damage the skin and mucous membranes
Definition
Chemical burn
Term
Burn cause by contact with electricity and lightning
Definition
Electrical burns
Term
Burns may also be classified according to the depth of tissue involvement :
Definition
  • First-degree burns (partial thickness)-epidermis
  • Second-degree burns (partial thickness)-When both epidermis and dermis are involved
  • Third-degree burns  (full thickness) - When epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue are involved

 

Term

The nurse documents the size of the lesion using a commercial scale in stage III

True

False

Definition
True
Term

Pressure ulcers in stage IV are not painful because they are below the nerve

True

False

Definition

False

the nerve endings are expose around the edges

Term
The act of drawing air into the lungs
Definition
inspiration (or inhalation)
Term
The act of expelling air
Definition
expiration (exhalation)
Term
combination of inspiration and expiration
Definition
ventilation
Term
movement of oxygen from the lungs and into the blood to be carried to the cells
Definition
Oxygenation
Term
Condition on which there is insufficient oxygen in the blood
Definition
Hypoxemia
Term

Sign and symptoms of decreased oxygenation, accept :

A. Unusual skin or lips color
B. Repiratory rate between 12 to 20 perminute
C. Slurred speed
D. Regular breathing (not too slow, not too rapid)

 

Definition

A. Unusual skin or lips color

 

B. Wrong - decreased oxygenation if repiration below 12 or above 20 per minute

C. Wrong - slurred speed sign for stroke

D. Wrong - decreased oxygenation if the breathing irregular, slow or rapid


pg 667

Term

Patient's condition high-risk of hypoxemia :

A. Immobile 

B. Bedrest

C. Morbid obesity

D. Being postoperative

E. All above

Definition

E. All above

 

pg 668

Term
Invasion of the uuper respiratory organs by microbes
Definition

URI (Upper Urinary Infection) include nose, sinuses and throat (pharynx)

Examp : Pneumonia

Term
Pneumonia
Definition
Inflammation of the lungs
Term
Conditions that result in chronic blockage or obastruction of the repiratory systm that is not reversible
Definition

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) or COLD (Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease)

include :

  • Emphysema
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Bronchiectasis
Term
 Narrowing and clogging of the bronchi, the small tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs
Definition

Asthma

  • Constriction of the muscles of the bronchioles
  • Swelling of the repiratory membranes
  • Production of large amounts of mucus that fill the narrowed passageways

Term

Asthma attack wether the patient is awake or asleep, all below is true about asthma, accept :

 

A. asthma attack during the night because the bronchi normally narrow during the night in everyone, increase resistance to air flow.

B. Attack maybe result when the person contacts an allergen or by respiratory infection

C. constriction of the muscles of the bronchioles

D. Chronic blockage that is not reversible

Definition

D. Wrong - chronic blockage or obstruction is COPD, it can be very difficult to differentiate with asthma, particularly in older patients

 

B. Right - asthma resulting from swelling of the respiratory membranes cause by allergen or production of large amounts of mucus that fill the narrowed passageways cause by Repiratory infection

Term
Difficulty in breathing
Definition

Dyspnea

Term

Effects of aging in repiratory :

A. Asthma

B. Emphysema

C. Pneumonia

D. Aspiration

E. All above

 

Definition

E. All above

 

Other aging effects

  •  CHF (congestive heart failur) - increased work demand on heart causes"back up" of blood or fluid; lungs become congested with fluid
  • Decreased elasticity of lungs
Term
Chronic Bronchitis
Definition
Prolonged inflammation in the bronchi due to infection or irritationa
Term

Alveoli loses elasticity and become permanently enlarged is called 


Definition

Emphysema

Patient can bring air into the lungs, but it becomes more difficult to expel air from the lungs

Term

Assisting with the proper breathing techniques, such as pursed-lip breathing for :

A. Emphysima patient

B. Tracheostomy patient

C. CVA

 D. Non of the above

Definition
A. Emphysima patient
Term

Sign and symptoms should be report to the nurse, relating to respiratory when :

 

Definition
  • Blood pressure or pulse change significantly
  • increased repiratory rate
  • dyspnea
  • diaphoresis
  • anxiety
  • uncontrollable coughing
  • pulse oximeter value less than 90%
Term
Tracheostomy
Definition
  • Opening made into anterior trachea
  • May be temporary or permanent
  • The external opening on the skin surface is the stoma
  • plastic or metal tube is inserted through the stoma is cannula 
Term

NA could caring for  the tracheostomy 

True

False

Definition

False

Nurse's responsibility caring for the tracheostomy. Notify the nurse immediately if the ties are loose or any part of the device comes apart or is removed. Should be able to slide one finger underneath the tie

Term
Laryngectomy
Definition
Surgical removal of the larynx
Term
sterile,  clear plastic tubes that are inserted through the skin of the chest, between the ribs, and into the space between the lung and chest wall; used after surgery to drain bloody fluid from the chest and allow air to escape if there is a small leak of air at the suture line after lung surgery
Definition
Chest tubes
Term
Fluit that collects around the lungs in the patients who have cancer
Definition
pleural effusion
Term

Safety measure where oxygen being use : 

 

Definition

Post "no smoking" or "oxygen in use" sign

Be certain there is no flame, no one smoke or matches

 

Term

Oxygen is a prescription item, the amount is ordered by physician and changing the flow rate is the responsibility of a licensed nurse or RCP (Repiratory Care Practitioner)

True

False

Definition
True
Term

Humidifier used for oxygen flow above 5 liter. The water used fr the humidifier is :

A. Sterile distilled water

B. Tap water

C. Saline Solution

D. None of above

Definition
A. Sterile distilled water - avoid tap water, inhalation of tap water is associated with an increased humidifier.
Term

Type of prefilled humidifiers is :

A. washed with soap and water every 24 hours

B. A sticker may be attached to this bottle showing the date and time it was change

C. Washed with 2% alkaline gluteraldehyde solution every 24 hours

D. commonly used in acute care hospital, usually changed once a week.

Definition

D. commonly used in acute care hospital, usually changed once a week.

 

A,B & C. Wrong - is type of refillable humidifiers

Term

Oxygen Mask is use for :

A. Low flows of oxygen

B. Used in with oxygen concentrator

C. High liter flows of oxygen

D. Will not cause rebreathing of exhaled carbon dioxide if used with liter flows under 5 liter.

Definition

C. High liter flows of oxygen >5 L/min

 

A. Wrong - for low flows of oxygen use nasal cannula

B. Wrong - oxygen concentrator are used only for patients needing low liter flows of oxygen. 

C. Wrong - if used with liter flows under 5 liter will cause rebreathing of exhaled carbon dioxide

Term

Axygen concentrators are used in emergency

True 

False

Definition

False

small tank is the best for an external oxygen source in an emergency 

Term
The right distance to put the oxygen concentrator :
Definition
At least 5 feet away from any heat source and at least 4 inches away from the wall
Term

NA responsibility during caring the oxygen concentrator, accept :

A. Never change the flow meter setting

B. Used damp cloth to wipe cannula 

C. Change cannula every 24-48 hours, write the date and time the tubing was changed and initials using permanent marker

D. Used soapy water to wipe the surface of the concentrator

Definition

D. Wrong - Use only damp cloth to wipe the surface of the concentrator. Change and Wash the filter in warm soapy water every week.

 

Term

The benefit of using liquid oxygen and liquid canister because it can be stored in small, more convenient containers

True

False

Definition
True
Term

Respiratory position except :

A. High Fowler's position

B. Tripod position

C. Orthopneic position

D. Prone position

Definition
D. Prone position - avoid prone position for patient with respiratory problem
Term
Apparatus/instrument used to encourage better ventilation
Definition

Incentive spirometer

Used for postoperative patient 

Term
Device used to apply a liquid in the form of a fine spray or mist.
Definition

Nabulizer/Aerosol therapy

 

Typically, drugs are ordered to open up obstructed airways for patient with COPD and asthma

Term
Oxygen therapy in which a mask is placed on the patient's face, then connected to a device that creates low levels of pressure.
Definition

CPAP (Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) pronounce see-pap

monitor the patient while connected to the CPAP machine, air leak that blow into the patient's eyes is very irritating, if the mask is too tight, the patient may feel pain. wash the mask with soap and water every morning.

Term
Matter that is brought up (expectorated) from the lungs
Definition

Sputum

It is easier to collect the specimen when the patient wakes up in the morning and after the patient takes two or three deep breaths

 

Term
Test to determine type of microorganisms causing a disease and the specific antibiotics that can be used to treat the disease
Definition
Culture and sensitivity
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