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CNA Unit 26
Principles of Nutrition
74
Nursing
Not Applicable
09/13/2012

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Term
The entire process involved in taking food into the body and extracting the essential elements (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and protein) that the body needs for energy, tissue growth and generation of body heat.
Definition
Nutrition
Term
Six essential nutrients
Definition
  1. Protein 
  2. Carbohydrat
  3. Fats
  4. Mineral
  5. Vitamin
  6. Water
Term
Implies eating a balanced variety of foods to supply the body's needs for essential elements into forms that can enter the bloodstream and be utilized by the body
Definition
Good nutrition
Term
The beginning of the digestive tract is 
Definition
The mouth
Term
Process of breaking down foods into simple substances that can be used by the body cells for nourishment
Definition

digestion

These substances that can be used by the body cells calls essential nutrients

Term
Ingestion
Definition
mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, epiglottis
Term
Digestion
Definition
stomach (including juices and Hcl acid, small intestine, pancreatic juice, liver and gallbladder (bile)
Term
Elimination
Definition
Large intestine, rectum and anus
Term
Basic Food Group and Daily Requirement
Definition
  • Meat/Fish - protein 2 servings
  • Dairy - milk and cheese - 3+ servings for children and pregnant, 2 servings for adult
  • Grains/Bread - cereal, potatoes, starches - 4 servings
  • Fruit/Vegetables - should have at least 1 dark green or yellow - 4 servings
  • Vegetables -2 cups each day
Term
Type of food is contents/preparation of food
Definition
  • Bland
  • Low Residue
  • Diabetic
  • Low Sodium
  • High Protein
  • Low Fat/low cholesterol diet
Term
Mechanical altered means consistency and texture are modified, making the food easier to chew and swallow. consistency and texture food :
Definition
  1. Clear liquid
  2. Full liquid
  3. Pureed
  4. Soft (mechanical soft) serve to pts who have no teeth, or those with serious dental problems
  5. Ground 
  6. Chopped 
  7. Regular
Term
Protein made of small building blocks called
Definition
amino acids
Term
Complete proteins
Definition
contain all the amino acids, meat, fish, eggs and poultry
Term
Incomplete proteins
Definition
do not contains all the essential amino acids. Examples corn, soybeans, peas, and nuts.
Term
The only nutrient that can make new cells and rebuild tissue ____
Definition
Protein
Term
Called energy foods, body uses them to produce heat and energy
Definition
Carbohydrate and fats
Term
Subtances that regulate body processes
Definition
Vitamins
Term
Vitamin A, D, E, & K are
Definition
fat-soluble vitamins (do not dissolve easily in water). They can store in the body.
Term
Vitamin B & C are
Definition
Water-soluble, dissolve in water, so they can be lost in the cooking process.
Term
Help to build body tissues, especially the bones and teeth___
Definition
Minerals
Term
Four common diet
Definition
  • Regular/general diet
  • Full liquid
  • Clear liquid
  • Soft diet

 

Term
The progression of diets a patient is allowed following surgery is
Definition
  1. Ice chip
  2. Clear Liquid
  3. Full liquid
  4. Soft Diet
  5. Regular diet
Term
Diets are planned to meet specific patient needs because of religious preferences or health needs
Definition
Special Diet
Term
Religious practice requires changes in diet for some patients
Definition

Religious restricted food

(pg 433)

Term
Diets are planned and prepared according to a patient's individual health problems ___
Definition

therapeutic Diets

 such as : diabetic diet, sodium-restricted diet and low fat diet

Term
Sodium restricted diet may be ordered for patients
Definition
chronic renal failure and cardiovascular diseases     (Average American consume  2 - 6 grams of sodium each day)
Term
Calorie Restricted  Diet
Definition

For patients who are overweight

(must take 500 calories a day less than usual to lose one pound)

Term
Low fat/low cholesterol diet
Definition
for patients who suffer from vascular, heart, liver or gallbladder disease, and for those who have difficulty with fat metabolism.
Term
Between meal nourishments and have definite therapeutic  value are not  a replacement for meal
Definition

Supplement



  • Test best when served cold
  • Higher in sodium and protein, usually lactose-free
  • Oral nutrition, not recommend for tube feedings, and tube feeding formulas are not recommended for tube nutritional supplementation.
  • Ordered by the physician or dietitian  
  • Have a definite therapeutic value such as experience weight loss, diebetic, renal failure, COPD, HIV, pediatric patients)
Term
Substantial food items given to patients to increase nutrient intake or to prevent hunger, usually given between meals.
Definition

Nourishment

Often planned and ordered by the facility dietitian.

Term
Difficulty swallowing food and liquids
Definition

dysphagia

Patient with dysphagia are at high risk of developing malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration and pneumonia.

Term
The balance between liquid intake and liquid output
Definition

Fluid balance

 

Term
Most adults take in approximately _______ fluid daily
Definition
2½ to 3 quarts (2,500 to 3,000 mL) 
Term
_____ of the body's weight is water
Definition
2/3
Term
1 lbs (ounce)
Definition
30 mL
Term
Excessive fluid retention is called
Definition
Edema
Term
Inadequate fluid intake results in
Definition
dehydration
Term
Typical output equal about ______ daily 
Definition

2½ quarts

(Urine 1½quarts)

Term

Excessive urine output

Definition
diuresis
Term
Excessive perspiration
Definition
diaphoresis
Term
Fluid intake may have to be encouraged in some patients
Definition
Force fluid or push fluid
Term
Fluid restriction requires a 
Definition

physician order

(as in kidney disease)

Term
Ingestion 
Definition
Tkaes in and absorgs food and fluid into the body, includes organs : Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, Salivary, Pharynx, Epiglottis, Esophagus.
Term
Digestion
Definition

Conversion of food and fluids into a state that can be utilized by the body/process of breaking down foods into simple substances that can be used by the body cells for nourishment.

Stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, small intestine

 

Term
Essential nutrient; it is only nutrient that can make new cells and rebuild tissue
Definition

Protein

 

Complete proteins contain all the amino acids (fish, eggs, and poultry)

Incomplete proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids (corn, soybeans, peas and nuts)

Term
Substances that regulate body processes
Definition

Vitamins


  • Builds strong teeth and bones
  • promotes growth
  • Aid normal body functioning
Term
Help to build body tissures, especially the bones and teeth
Definition
Minerals
Term

When caring for the patient with tube feedings, you need to :

 

Definition
Keep the head of the bed elevated at least 30º to 45º during feeding and for 60 minutes after feeding.
Term
Method of balancing the diabetic diet
Definition

Exchange list

 

6 groups :

  • Milk exchange
  • Vegetables exchange
  • Fruit exchange
  • Bread exchange
  • Meat exchange
  • Fat exchange
Term
Sodium restricted diet may be ordered for patients with
Definition

chronic renal failure, high blood sugar and cardiovascular disease.

Average American consumes 2-6 grams of sodium

Term
Calorie restricted diets are prescribed for patients who are
Definition

overweight

 

Term
Factor 10 calories
Definition
Desired weight 120lb. x 10 = 1,200 calories per day
Term
Low fat/low cholesterol diet prescribed for patients who suffer from
Definition
vascular, heart, liver or gallbladder disease or who have difficulty with fat metabolisem.
Term
Facilities digestion while avoiding irritation to the digestive tract - ulcers, colitis
Definition

Bland

Mild, easy to digest, no fried or highly seasoned foods, no broth, coffe, tea or spices

Term
Allows lower digestive tract opportunity to heal diverticulitis, colitis
Definition

Low Residue

Food : easily digestivel, low in bulk exclude foods with large amounts of fiver, avoid milk as it produces bulky residue in the colon

Term
Increase body's ability to repair tissues damaged by disease - surgery, hepatitis
Definition

High Protein

Foods : Liberal amounts of protein foods such as milk, lean meat, fish, fowl, eggs, etc

Term
What food looks like and how it is served
Definition

Consistency

 

  • Clear liquid
  • Full liquid
  • Pureed
  • Soft
  • Ground Chopped
  • Regular
Term
When caring for the patient with tube feedings, you need to :
Definition
Keep the head of the bed elevated at least 30º to 45º during feeding and for 60 minutes after feeding.
Term
Excessive fluid retention
Definition
edema
Term
The lack of sufficient fluid in body tissues
Definition
dehydration
Term
Container to determine the amount of output
Definition

graduate


(in mL or cc)

Term
Fluid input is calculated by measuring
Definition

Fluids taken by mouth : all liquids (juice, soup, milk etc) and foods that melt at room temperature (ice cream,sherbet and gelatin)

except: Fluids through intravenous infusion, or through gastric feeding count by nurse

 

Term
If patient eat less than 75% of the meal
Definition
inform the nurse
Term
Tube inserted into the digestive tract
Definition
enteral feedings
Term
Enternal feedings inserted through the nose and into the stomach
Definition
Nasogastric or NG feeding
Term
Enternal feeding inserted directly through the abdominal skin and into the stomach
Definition
gastrotomy feeding
Term
Enternal feeding that is small-bore tube that is threaded through the GI tract until the tip reaches the small intestine
Definition

J-tube (Jejunostomy tube)


J-tube has been place through the nose Nasojejunostomy

Term
Relaxed diet that will control blood sugar without being overly restrictive
Definition

Liberal or liberalized diets

 

"no concentrated sweets" in pie etc

Term
Diet with system does not measure calories, focus on maintaining a consisten carbohydrate contents is
Definition

Consistent-carbohydrate diabetes meal plan

 

Term
While you are feeding the patient
Definition
  • Sit down while you are feeding the patient, so that you are at eye level.
  • Alternate solids and liquids
  • Ask the patient in what order she would like the food
  • Direct the food to the unaffected side, check for food stored in the affected side. Watch the patient's throat to check for swallowing.
  • Test hot foods by dropping a small amount on the inside of your wrist
Term
A condition which food, water, gastric contents, or other objects enter the trachea and lungs
Definition

Aspiration

patient become coughing, choking, or gurgling or will become cyanotic (skin takes on a bluish or dusky color because less oxygen in the blood available for body need)

Term
Caring for Patients receiving tube feeding are
Definition
  • NPO 
  • Head must be elevated at all times to prevent accidental aspiration of formula into the lungs at least 30º to 45º during feeding and for 60 minutes after feeding
  • Monitor the patient for signs of respiratory distress
  • Monitor the skin on the hips and bottocks frequently, for pressure and the risk of skin breakdown because elevation of the head of the bed also increases the risk of skin damage from friction and shearing
  • Provide frequent mouth hygiene and NG will also need nasal care
Term
On diabetic diet report to the nurse that the patient only ate
Definition
2/3 of her meal
Term
Digestive tract extends from
Definition
mouth to anus
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