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| One that occurs when public contingencies generate concern and uncertainty within a public audience and give force and effectiveness to persuasive discourse which encourages action. |
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| Some unexpected obstacle, perplexity, or problem |
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| When does our "critical spirit" arise? |
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| When some contingency arises out of that environment stands out concretely before us and threatens to disrupt our lives in some way. |
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| Which exists when we confront problems with a proven discourse and method to guide us. |
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| What does not guarantee a positive result, but it does resolve the uncertainty about how to proceed? |
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| A person faced with cancer faces a ___? |
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| What are the three major components to the rhetorical situation? |
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| Rhetorical foreground, rhetorical background, and motives of the participants |
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| Represents the specific and salient aspects of a common situation as it affects or interests some audience at a particular moment in time |
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| Represents the larger environment that defines the historical and social context for any particular rhetorical event |
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| What stands for the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes and responses that may influence their future beliefs, feelings, and actions. |
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| Motives of the participants |
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| What does knowing the rhetorical background provide us with? |
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| Provides speaker with a broader perspective to more efficiently identify resources from which to draw when creating the speech and to better anticipate the possible long term consequences after speaking. |
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| What is the purpose of the rhetorical background? |
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| Set the stage for a rhetorical act |
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| A complex interaction of individuals that constitute a political culture. They recognize each others interests. |
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| When does a public come about? |
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| A group of strangers come together for a common purpose that affects them all directly or indirectly |
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| Represents the instrument that the public uses to address consequences it deems important enough to manage. |
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| Democracy is an example of what? |
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| What forms when a state formally excludes other publics? |
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| Develop outside of and counter to the established mechanisms of the state |
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| What is the goal of a counterpublic? |
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| To form a genuine public able to express its will through legitimate public institutions and governing bodies |
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| What can produce visible and concrete changes in reality only if there is an audience capable of acting on its beliefs through organized channels |
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| What does the functional definition of the public encourage? |
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| It encourages a speaker to think of people as something other than a stereotyped ground of generic individuals who all think and feel the same thing |
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| What does the public remind a speaker? |
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Definition
| That there is almost always a plurality of "publics" that exist within any more generic "public" |
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| One in which facts are made available and judgments are made by its members through open discussion, criticism, and persuasion. |
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| When perspectives are wrong their mistakes are recorded in the public memory, whats this called? |
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| Leaders are responsible for making decisions and suppressing opinions they feel to be unnecessary or dangerous. |
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| The forum best suited for allowing people to speak and be heard by others about matters of public concern is called |
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| What designates the discursive, physical, and conceptual space in which citizens are able to exchange views on matters of public interest |
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| Elite group with specialized knowledge uses technical jargon to discuss narrow problems in a way that average citizens cannot understand |
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| Technical jargon is shunned in favor of a language which favors the expression of intimate feelings, experiences, and opinions. |
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| The only views that are encouraged to be expressed are those which are sanctioned by an established authority |
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| Which sphere allows for a detailed examination of a problem? |
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| Refers to the relative authority or marginality that particular ideas, words, or discourses possess within a community |
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| Refers to the interests, impulses, habits, conventions, and desires that function as incitements to action within particular situations. |
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| Exaggerates something, makes it "larger than life" and forces it to stand out as important and significant. |
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| reduces something, pushes it into the background, and makes it insignificant and trivial. |
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| Motivation became the subject matter of what kind of interests to the greeks? |
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| Emotional affection or dislike |
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| When peoples motivations are directed toward goals that serve primarily the self interest of the speaker at the expense of the audience |
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| Represents logical relationships between specific things and more general ideas |
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| As we mature, we constantly accumulate more and more associations that function as building blocks of cognition which help us build a larger and more complex framework of meaning. |
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| Refers to the fact that a person holds a belief about something |
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| How much credibility we give to certain beliefs |
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| Describes how strongly we feel about a belief compared to other beliefs, particularly in certain situations |
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| Describes how well a certain belief fits into my larger worldview or ideology |
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| The opposite of a belief, has an unpleasant feeling |
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| The capacity to manipulate symbols for the purposes of creating practical frameworks of belief |
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| Possessed by any animal with the capacity to "size up" a situation and act skillfully in order to accomplish some immediate goal |
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| "double argument" which in effect was like debate training for lawyers |
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| Stand for stable ideals that give structure to our beliefs and guide our behavior across a variety of situations |
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| Like a blue print to a house that is being built rather than someones vision of a dream home that exists only as a fantasy. |
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| A sensory response to some environmental stimulation or physical state |
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| Dramatized feelings that orient us to things within our immediate environment that stand out as significant |
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| Different from emotion in that they tend to be pervasive qualities of a persons personality that affect their cognitive processing in all situational contexts |
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| Draw us positively closer to something or somebody; we associate such positively valenced emotions (for good or bad) with love, curiosity, pity, generosity, envy, or greed |
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| Push us negatively away from somebody or something; we associate such negatively valenced emotions with anger, fear, shame, or cowardice. |
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| Represents the capacity to consider new possibilities in light of what is familiar or actual |
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| Habitual practical responses toward the people, objects, and events in our everyday environment based on likes and dislikes |
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| The gauge of what percentage of a public believes certain things to be true or false |
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| The reflection of the accepted habits and rituals that relate to a certain issue |
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| The "Common sense" maxims and morals related to an issue |
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| A shared problem that causes an audience concern and uncertainty |
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| The classification of a problematic issue as a certain "type" of thing that encourages certain practical reactions |
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| The people who need to be moved to action and who have the capability of generative change |
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| The obstacles, both internal and external, which stand in the way of successful resolution |
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| The rhetor who advocates a certain position |
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| The event which brings people together in the same space |
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| The shared reason for the occasion |
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| In rhetoric, a speech which alters peoples beliefs, attitudes, or actions |
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| Ideas, words, or discoure which are explicitly valued, respected, and or embraced posses this |
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| Rhetorical public speech addresses a problem about whose very reality remains in doubt for an audience |
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| The accepted and established habits, norms, routines, traditions, and unspoken laws of a community |
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| Audiences can be analyzed in terms of; gender, race, age, income, disabilities, mobility, educational attainment, home ownership, employment status, and location |
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| The people, objects, processes, and events that may physically obstruct any productive action even if persuasion of an audience has occurred |
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| Referring to the beliefs, attitudes, and values of an audience that must be changed if persuasion is to occur |
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| Ideas, words, or discoure which are widely condemned, ignored, and/or rejected are resigned to this |
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| A conscious personal belief expressed as a commitment to a certain matter of fact or value |
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| Technical jargon is shunned in favor of a language which favors the expression of intimate feelings, experiences, and opinions. A diary, dinner table, a date, or talkshow interview. |
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| Make present, by verbal magic alone, what is actually absent but what he considers important to his argument, making them more present, to enhance the value of some of the elements of which one has actually been made conscious |
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| Represents the percentage of people who who hold certain views to be true |
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| Conscious instigator of social action who uses persuasive discourse to achieve his or her ends |
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| Those obstacles that must be overcome in order to facilitate both the persuasive and practical effects desired by the speaker |
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| Must be a public issue that generates concern and uncertainty and which can be resolved in part through rhetorical persuasion |
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| Audience that physically exists together in a particular place and time to hear a message |
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| A group of people who are both able to be persuaded and capable of acting in such a way to help resolve the exigence |
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| Audience achieves a consensus as to the nature of the problem but is uncertain as to the solution |
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| Habitual practical responses toward the people, objects, and events in our everyday environment based on likes and dislikes. |
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| "Double argument" effective for lawyers. argument and critical thinking of language to resolve practical problems. |
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| Strength of reason and evidence |
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| The interests, impulses, habits, impulses, conventions, and desires that function as incitements to action within particular situations. |
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| A new imagined possibility |
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| "against the man" argumentative strategy that undermines an opposing position by attacking the personal character of its advocates rather than the position itself. |
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| Warrants the comparison of two things that might not otherwise go together for purposes of drawing a conclusion based on their sharing a vital similarity |
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| Reason used to justify the warrant "italians have used wine for good life for centuries" |
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| Form of argument that encourages an audience to do something simply because a majority of other people is doing it |
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| Warrants a practical conclusion based on the likely effects brought about by some underlying cause |
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| The primary position or conclusion being advanced by a speaker "we should drink more wine" |
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| Most powerful of fallacies, presents audiences with a stark choice by presenting two clear but completely opposite and incompatible alternatives based on excessive exaggeration of good and bad qualities. |
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| Represent not only the failure for a warrant to successfully bridge the claim and the grounds, but a failure of construction so egregious that the whole argument tumbles into the abyss. |
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| Represents a strategy of attributing causes or effects based on ones immediate desires or fears rather than objective study of the process. |
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| Warrants drawing a general conclusion about a class of people, events, objects, or processes based on specific examples drawn from experience |
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| The supporting evidence for the claim "because we want to savor the good life" |
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| A coherent and interlocking system of beliefs that is used to describe the practical world for the sake of the guiding action |
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| The use of inferences and proofs to establish relationships among propositions which warrant specific conclusions |
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| The use of rational arguments and evidence to persuade an audience of the reasonableness of ones position |
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| A timeless story that accounts for the origins, struggles, and destinies of a people through the actions of exceptional people in the past. |
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| A dramatic story that creates a desire in an audience and then fulfills that desire by describing the interaction among agent, scene, act, purpose, and agency. |
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| Refers to how accurately a narrative represents accepted facts |
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| Refers to the coherence of the narrative as a story apart from the actual facts |
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| To give meaning to ideas by showing how they function over time in peoples lives and in the environment. |
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| "It does not follow", its a statement that has no apparent connection with the statements that came before or come after it. |
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| A comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption that can account for many particular things |
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| Admits to the degree of certainty or confidence that the speaker has in the claim "if i am wrong than let bacchus strike me down" |
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| Acknowledges the conditions where the claim might not hold "of course i would never suggest giving wine to an alcoholic" |
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| Named for the use of dead fish to throw dogs off a trail, its the attempt (by rhetor) to distract attention from an issue unpleasant by focusing attention on something unrelated, more sensational, and more beneficial to ones self interest. |
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| A more vicious derivative of false cause. It occurs when the cause of undesired effects is attributed falsely to a marginalized group who are generally powerless to defend themselves. |
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| Warrants the diagnosis of some underlying condition based on the appearance of external clues or indicators. |
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| Fallacy which exaggerates the series of inevitable and terrible consequences that will follow from performing some action |
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| The interferential leap that connects the claim with the ground, usually embodied in a principle, provision, or chain of reasoning "wine is a necessary condition for bringing about the good life" |
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| The attempt to make object seem so repellent that an audience ignores, shuns, discards, or destroys it. |
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| Four categories of things; refer to conscious behavioral choices made by people |
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| Four categories of things; stand for time bound situations that have a beginning and an end |
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| Attempt to invest an object with such attractive qualities that an audience seeks to possess or preserve them |
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| Four categories of things; represent coherent and durable entities that tend to resist change and have consequences on an environment |
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| Represents how we stand in relationship to a thing, whether we are attracted + or repulsed - by it |
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| The use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience by putting it in a certain frame of mind that makes it more willing to act in one way instead of another |
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| Four categories of things; represents both individuals and groups |
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| Portrays particular individuals or groups in a positive light in order to make them role models for other people to follow. |
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| Represents how strongly this emotion is felt within a particular situation |
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| Counterpart of a saint; portrayed in a negative light in order to make them repellent to an audience |
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| To use the power of an ideal to reveal the limitations of ones actual situation and inspire hope that future "perfect" events will occur |
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| Opposite of virtue; repels us from certain concrete actions by making them morally offensive and or practically harmful |
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| Whereas utopia tempts our imaginations with tales of a perfect event, ___ attracts us to certain concrete actions by investing them with moral and practical value |
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| The opposite of utopia; portrays a horrific event that repels an audience from current or future social conditions. |
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