Term
|
Definition
| Act of finding something to say that lends support to the speaker's position. |
|
|
Term
| Resources for Invention (public memory) |
|
Definition
| represents the storehouse of social knowledge, conventions, public opinions, values, and shared experiences that a speaker can appeal to within that speech and be confident that they will resonate meaningfully with that audience. |
|
|
Term
| Resources for Invention (social knowledge) |
|
Definition
a culture's conventional wisdom and practical judgment as expressed in maxims, generally held beliefs, and value judgments.
"common sense" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct that is commonly accepted by culture and used to justify a variety of beliefs and actions.
Cliches
The early bird catches the worm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a condensed empirical claim that tells us about some facet of the world that we can rely upon to be true.
Heavy objects fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
do not deal with specific assertions about concrete objects but are mathematical generalizations that help us make predictions about certain types of objects or events.
Over 90% of the colonists now support a revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct quotations from individuals who can speak with some authority on a certain state of affairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
derives from ordinary people who have had relevant experience with some issue
"I have seen warships in Boston Harbor." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
comes from individuals who may not have directly experienced something but who know a considerable amount about the subject matter due to extensive research.
"According to General Nash, there is no conceivable reason other than war for so many ships to be in Boston Harbor." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
comes from famous and well-respected individuals who may have nothing directly to do with an issue but whose words provide inspiration and insight.
"So i say we should pursue revolution agains the King of England, for as John Locke wrote, 'In transgressing the law of nature, the offender declares himself to live by another rule that that of reason and common equity." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
include descriptions of actual or hypothetical events, people, objects, or processes that can embody an idea or argument in a concrete form so that audiences can see what it means.
"If one wants to know that nature of tyranny, go to Boston. There, the streets are filled with armed men, the courts have been abolished, and young men are killed in the streets." |
|
|
Term
| Invention (Actual examples) |
|
Definition
descriptions of real things that exist or have existed, that happen or have happened.
A feature story about a family after Hurricane Katrina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descriptions of events that are only imagined to have happened in the past, present, or future.
Third- person- describes actions of other people as if they actually happened until usually revealing at the end that it is just a story.
"Joe was an aspiring actor until he started doing drugs and then had an overdose and died. Joe is not a real person but there are thousands of people like Joe every day."
Second person- imagine you were walking down the street and saw a homeless man being beaten. Would you rush to save him or walk away? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to how accurately a narrative represents accepted facts, such as newspaper reports of Paul Revere's ride printed days after the event. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the coherence of the narrative as a story apart from the actual facts, such as the poem "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere'", written a century later. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represent specific ways of placing material into relationships that ideally bring about new questions and insight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
definition
division
comparison
relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the power of invention derives from the integrity and breadth of ones sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an expression of interest in a particular goal that the speaker finds interesting and that may have value for an audience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the kind of speech one is giving
the audience to which this speech is delivered
the occasion for the speech
the effect on the audience that the speech is supposed to have |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the specific argument that seeks to achieve the specific purpose. a single sentence that sums up what the entire speech is arguing, including a claim and reasons in support of that claim. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
be specific
focus on a single topic
be audience centered
make a clear claim
present reasons/details |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the step of giving order to a speech in anticipation of giving it form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the filling out and forming of ideas in order to allow them to stand on their own and organize themselves as a coherent whole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the overal tone and feel of a speech in its totality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents specific elements of the speech designed to capture the attention and seduce the ear of the audience, thereby making them engaged with what is being said and creating more of a feeling of continuity and unity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
that which addresses somebody, in some respect or capacity, for something else
Ex. when a child exclaims "doggy" to her mom when she sees a dog walking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is represented by the sign
the thing the child perceives to be the doggy out in the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more developed sign that mediates between the sign and its objects that explains why they should go together.
ex. the doggy highlights the cute, furry, and friendly qualities of a domestic canine which makes the object more meaningful to a child. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
denotative meaning
the term "dog" used in a vet classroom will mostly have a logical interpretant that emphasizes its biological characteristics as a type of mammal with certain health and nutritional needs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connotative meaning- what qualities we associate with the object.
the term "doggy" thus evokes feelings of affection and playfulness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pragmatic meaning
the term "dog!" shouted by a burglar to his partner will literally mean that this object is something to free from ASAP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual person interpreting the sign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has a meaningful reference to specific and readily identifiable qualities or actions in order to give an audience a more vivid experience of some thing or an event.
"red table" is preferable to "it." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a series of signs designed to produce emotional interpretants based on an appeal to the ear
Ex. alliteration: "The day dawned with delight." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of signs designed to produce complex logical interpretants based on appeal to the mind (ex. metaphor: this year began with a sigh). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Parallelism- Rich and poor, young and old, they came here to live, and we embraced them with love.
Antithesis- Do not weep for my death, but smile for my having lived.
Alliteration- the soft, slow, urge of the sea
Epistrophe- when we came, they were here. when we left, they were here.
Repetition- we shall fight in the land, we shall fight in the sea, we shall fight in the air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metaphor- My love is a beautiful rose.
Synecdoche- After the World Trade Center Bombings, we were all New Yorkers.
Metonymy- The other baseball team has its two big bats coming up.
Irony- Lucky for us, WWI was the war to end all wars.
Simile- She runs like a deer.
Personification- the waves leapt forward and pulled me back into the ocean.
Hyperbole- when my boss started yelling at me, I could feel the whole office building shaking.
Oxymoron- There is no such thing as a smart bomb. they are all equally mindless.
Paradox- How strange it is that getting cancer saved my life. Only now have I come to value what is important in the world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses an image to more effectively convey a specific idea or emotion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the ability to memorize a text and to reproduce it in a manner that seems natural rather than artificial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with the manner in which a speaker physically performs the speech through crafted use of the voice and gesture |
|
|
Term
| Components of delivery (11) |
|
Definition
Appearance
Gesture
Position
Eye Contact
Articulation
Pronunciation
Dialect
Pitch
Volume
Pauses
Rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exists when we confront problems with a proven discourse and method to guide us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the larger environment that defines the historical and social context for any particular rhetorical event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex interaction of individuals that constitutes a political culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distinct from the public insofar as it represents the instrument that the public uses to address consequences tht it deems important enough to manage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop outside of and counter to the established mechanisms of the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the percentage of people who hold certain views to be true. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the specific and salient aspects of a common situation as it affects or interests some audience at a particular moment in time, including the motives of the audience itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any outstanding aspect of our environment that makes us feel a combination of concern, uncertainty, and urgency. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an issue that generates concern and uncertainty for some organized or semi-organized group that can be resolved, in whole or in part, by persuading an audience to act ina way that is actually capable of addressing the situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not everyone agrees that a problem exists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everyone acknowledges that a problem needs to be addressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of those people actually assembled together to hear the speech as it is delivered in person by the speaker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all those people who encounter the speech either through some another media or second-hand through the spoken word of another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those individuals or groups in either the primary or secondary audiences who are able to be persuaded and are capable of acting in such a way to help resolve the exigence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no African-American woman had ever delivered a "public" lecture in the sense of being authorized by the state.
denied access to the public sphere by the norms of convention and the social knowledge concerning matters of race and gender. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents any counterforce that stands between us and the attainment of our interests. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those obstacles that must be overcome in order to facilitate both the persuasive and practical effects desired by the speaker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the beliefs, attitudes, and values of an audience that must be changed if persuasion is to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obesity is not a social problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the people, objects, processes, and events that may physically obstruct any productive action even if persuasion of an audience has occured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
statement of fact on which a person is prepared to act
"all men are created equal" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an abstract ideal quality that guides our behavior across a variety of situations
Our rivers should be as free and pure as the day the Mayflower landed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sensory response to some environmental stimulation or physical state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dramatized feeling that attracts or repels us to certain objects because of their specific character and qualities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how we stand in relationship to a thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how strongly an emotion is felt within a particular situation
when i go on a long business trip i miss my family terribly (high salience) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a learned sequence of behavior in which mental and physical energies work relatively effortlessly together to accomplish a familiar task. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a concrete energetic ideal that propels people to action in pursuit of some value or pleasure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of defining a particular person, object, or event fpr the purposes of making a practical decision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific setting shared by speaker and audience whose circumstances determine the genre, the purpose, and the standards of appropriateness of what is said. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how "fitting" the speech is to all of the particular elements and unique circumstances of the speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeks to establish the ground for a productive and positive future relationship with an audience of strangers by using narratives to disclose central aspects of one's character that the speaker believes he or she shares with others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invites diverse members of an audience to share a common identity that makes it possible for them to act as a unified group with common interests and values. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur when an audience wishes to hear a diverse group of speakers give different perspectives on how to address a common topic in order to come to an informed judgment about a matter of common concern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persuades an audience to adopt some policy, object, process, or attitude based on the perceived rightness or utility of the subject matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| establish or reinforce bonds between audience members by praising something or someone that the speaker believes reflects their shared values. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| satisfy an audience's desire to successfully pursue preexisting interests by giving entertaining instruction about objects, events, processes, or concepts that promise to benefit the audience members' lives in some way. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things that people enjoy doing, want to know about, or desire to attain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things that people enjoy doing, want to know about, or desire to attain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things that people enjoy doing, want to know about, or desire to attain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivered by officials of a group or institution to an audience whose presence is usually mandatory in order to justify policy decision and improve the procedures and communication structures of an organization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persuade an uncommitted audience to place certain beliefs and attitudes at the top of a hierarchy of needs by showing how they are necessary to achieving ideal ends. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents this sense of public character that is recognized by an audience and influences their reception of the speaker's arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a proven ability to size up problematic situations and make judgments that show prudence and forethought, as a military commander might possess due to actions during past battles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excellence in performing particular activities that are held in high regard and embody the best cultural values, as one might think of the virtues of motherhood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of conscious and thoughtful consideration of the audience's well-being, as we would expect from a good friend rather than from a stranger on the street. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual reputation that rhetors "carry with them" because of an audience's acquaintance with past behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the constructed ethos that a rhetor creates within the confines of a particular rhetorical text. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
narrations of one's life experience that provide insight into the speaker's practical wisdom, virtue, or goodwill.
"When I saved my sister's life..." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reveals character by using phrases, words, accents, or gestures commonly associated with certain types of people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
this role is employed when speakers wish to rebuff attack, including both attacks on one's personal character and more often on one's position.
"My accusers have been deceived by liars and are in turn distorting the truth about my position." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
speaks on behalf of some institution as a spokesperson of legitimate authority, thereby standing as a "representative" of a recognized institution, such as a church body, a government, or a corporation.
CEO, priest, community leader |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one who represents not a group or an institution but an idea or ideal.
artists, musicians, poets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an individual who is willing to actively confront power in the name of helping others even if it means that great suffering might come upon him or her.
"I can no longer stand to see children suffer and mothers weep; when evil shows its face it must be confronted at all costs if we are to live with ourselves." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the attractive image that the rhetor constructs of and for the audience.
"American people" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the strategy of creating a common bond with an audience by drawing parallels between the characteristics of speaker and audience.
"We are all baseball lovers." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attempt to establish credibility by the possession of special knowledge and/or unique experience that are superior to those of an audience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the kind of knowledge one receives by learning technical discourses and procedures, such as the knowledge one receives from attending a university. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the kind of expertise one acquires by having "been there" or "gone through that." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the strategy of dividing an audience into a positive "us" and a negative "them" in order to create unity through difference. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents a group antagonistic to the rhetor's interests, such as another political party, or simply a demonized audience that is used as a convenient foil, such as a group of traitors or evil-doers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all of a public's sins are placed upon a largely defenseless group that is then run out of town. |
|
|
