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| some unexpected obstacle, perplexity, or problem |
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| one that occurs when public contingencies generate concern and uncertainty within a public audience and give force and effectiveness to persuasive discourse which encourages collective action |
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| in rhetorical situations, contingencies are.. |
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| problematic aspects of a situation shared by a group of people who must collectively deliberate about which actions to take to resolve their common problem. |
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| exists when we confront problems with a proven discourse and method to guide us. |
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| 3 major components to the rhetorical situation are: |
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the rhetorical foreground: represents the specific and salient aspects of a common situation as it affects or interests some audience at a particular moment in time.
rhetorical background: represents the larger environment that defines the historical and social context for any particular rhetorical event
motives of the participant: stand for the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes and responses that may influence their future beliefs, feelings, and actions |
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| The public is thought to represent: |
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| the total population of any national culture. However, a public is more than just a mass. A public is a complex interaction of individuals that constitute a political culture. |
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| is distinct from the public insofar as it represents the instrument that the public uses to address consequences that it deems important enough to manage. |
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| one in which facts are made available and judgements are made by its members through open discussion, criticism, and persuasion |
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| leaders are responsible for making decisions and suppressing opinions that they feel to be unnecessary or dangerous |
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| refers to the relative authority or marginality that particular ideas, words, or discourses possess within a community. |
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| Conventions form a very important background for any rhetoric act for 3 reasons: |
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1. conventions make up the substance of appropriateness. Conventions establish the "ground rules" for any speech act that occurs in public context.
2. Conventions provide cultural resources from which to draw when attempting to persuade an audience that a certain course of action is consistent with its own values and traditions.
3. Conventions often embody the very problems that cause a rhetorical situation in the first place. As cultures change, older habits an traditions come to represent outdated ways of doing things that actually inhibit social progress. |
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| signifies a culture's conventional wisdom and practical judgement as expressed in maxims, generally held beliefs, and value judgements. In other words, social knowledge represents what we might call "common sense". |
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| an experience of a contingency that makes us feel a combination of concern and uncertainty |
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| a public issue that generates concern and uncertainty and which can be resolved in part through rhetorical persuasion. |
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| accepted and established habits, norms, routines, traditions, and unspoken laws of a community |
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| issues of status or public opinion are... |
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| general statements of principle or belief embodied in the language of fact that can be determined true or false |
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| The foreground audience is the |
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| situated audience, or the audience that physically exists together in a particular place and time to hear a particular message |
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| group of people who are able to be persuaded and who are capable of acting in a way to help solve the exigence |
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| rhetorical public speech addresses a problem about whose very reality remains in doubt for an audience |
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| an audience achieves consensus as to the nature of the problem, but is uncertain as to the solution |
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| one resource for audience analysis is the analysis of |
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| obstacles which stand between us and the attainment of our interests |
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| those obstacles that must be overcome in order to facilitate both the persuasive and practical effects desired by the speaker |
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| the beliefs, attitudes, and values of an audience that must be changed if persuasion is to occur |
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| the people, objects, processes and events that may physically construct any productive action even if persuasion of an audience has occurred |
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| EX of an internal constraint: |
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| convincing a population to support tax on junk foods to cut down on child obesity. This may require challenging the belief that obesity is not a social problem, and dissociating the eating of junk food with the value of personal choice and freedom. |
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| a rhetorical public speaker is called a _____. |
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| rhetor. Meaning, a conscious instigator of social action who uses persuasive discourse to achieve his or her ends. |
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definition: a group of people who participate in a common deliberative forum to address shared problems
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"Every American has a responsibility to address the crisis of global warming, for all our actions affect each other on this earth."
This is an example of: |
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| the degree to which any public allows criticism and free inquiry about matters of controversy. |
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"It is in the spirit of free inquiry that I call for a transparent and sustained debate about our environmental policy. We cannot let back-room deals determine whether our planet lives or dies."
This is an example of: |
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"The challenge of global warming is real. A scientific consensus has emerged, and now it is time to act before it is too late."
This is an example of: |
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| exaggerates something, makes it "larger than life" and forces it to stand out as important and significant |
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| reduces something, pushes it into the background, and makes it insignificant |
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| refers to the fact that a person holds a belief about something. For example: it would be impossible for a child to have a belief about global warming. |
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| how much credibility we give to certain beliefs. For example, we all give great weight to the fact that human beings are mortal, but agnostics will give little weight to assertions about the existence of an afterlife because they don't think it can be shown to exist. |
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