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| specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences or the like |
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| specific case referring to in passing to illustrate a point |
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| story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point |
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| testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields |
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| testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic |
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| method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern |
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| method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern |
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| method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship |
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| method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem |
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| method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics |
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| word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another |
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| word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them |
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| statement n the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next |
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| statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point or points |
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| very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas |
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| detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, pain points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography |
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| brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech |
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| question about the truth or falsity of a assertion |
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| question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action |
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| question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be take |
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| Speech to gain passive agreement |
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| persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy |
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| Speech to gain immediate action |
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| persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy |
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| method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem |
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| Problem-cause-solution order |
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| method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point indentifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem |
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| Comparative advantages order |
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| method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to a other proposed solutions |
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| Monroe's motivated sequence |
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| method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. |
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attention
need
satisfaction
visualization
action |
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| Monroe's motivated sequence |
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| audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. two factors influencing this are competence and character. |
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| credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak |
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| credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech |
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| credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech |
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| Reasoning from specific instances |
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| reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion |
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| reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second |
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| fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
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| fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute |
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| fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist |
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| fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct or desirable |
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| fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
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| Demographic audience analysis |
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| audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, racial, ethnic or cultural background |
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| Situational audience analysis |
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| audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion |
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| failing to give credit for particular arts of a speech that are borrowed from other people |
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| stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own |
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| stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own |
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| Situational audience analysis |
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| audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion |
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| Demographic audience analysis |
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| audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, racial, ethnic or cultural background |
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-clarify your ideas
-reinforce your ideas
-personalize your ideas
-make examples vivid and richly textured
-practice delivery to enhance your extended examples |
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Are the stats representative?
Are they measured correctly?
Are they from a reliable source? |
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| used with concrete facts and are better than opinion |
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| used for authenticity and emotion |
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-keep pain points separate
-try to word your points with the same pattern devote the amount of time necessary for each point |
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| How to organize main points |
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-get the attention of the audience
-reveal the topic of your speech
-establish credibility and goodwill
-preview the body of the speech |
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| 4 objectives of a speech intro |
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| conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity |
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| conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement |
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-signal end of a speech
-reinforce the central idea |
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| How to fulfill functions of a conclusion |
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-be courteous and attentive
-avoid prejudging the speaker
-maintain the free and open expression of ideas |
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| Guidelines for ethic listening |
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