Shared Flashcard Set

Details

CMS Test 2
Vocabulary
132
Other
Undergraduate 1
04/26/2008

Additional Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
connotation
Definition
various meanings and ideas associated with a word
Term
conventional symbols
Definition
arbitrary conveyors of meaning
Term
denotation
Definition
the given, noted definition of a word
Term
hyperbole
Definition
conscious exaggeration intended to communicate ideas and images
Term
iconic symbols
Definition
signs where the signifier resembles the signified
Term
indexical symbols
Definition
signs where the signifier is caused by the signified
Term
irony
Definition
intentional contrast between what is said and what is meant
Term
jargon
Definition
language that is specific to a particular profession
Term
language*
Definition
a socially shared system of of representation that employs arbitrarily assigned symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols
Term
logocentrism
Definition
faulty faith that humans have placed in speech
Term
metaphor
Definition
a direct comparison of two things
Term
performative utterances
Definition
speaking as an act
Term
phonetic act
Definition
producing sound to form words
Term
repetition
Definition
repeating words or phrases for rhetorical effect
Term
rhetorical sensitivity
Definition
speaking with propriety
Term
sarcasm
Definition
ironic statement meant to harm or ridicule
Term
semantic
Definition
the study of meaning in language
Term
sign
Definition
a word or symbol composed of a signifier and the signified
Term
signified
Definition
an idea, object, or thing which can be represented by a signifer
Term
signifier
Definition
the word or picture or symbol used to represent the signified
Term
simile
Definition
comparing two things using words such as like or as
Term
speech act
Definition
using language to accomplish a task
Term
syntax
Definition
the rules of words being combined into sentences
Term
understatement
Definition
using excessive restraint in making an assertion
Term
verbiage
Definition
excessively wordy
Term
brainstorming
Definition
a group problem-solving technique characterized by spontaneous and unrestrained discussion or a written list of free-flowing ideas
Term
cause-effect
Definition
a speech arrangement used to discuss a problem and the causes of the problem (cause-effect), or a problem and the consequences of the problem (effect-cause)
Term
chronological
Definition
arranges speech topic according to the sequential order in which events or steps occured
Term
connective
Definition
words or phrases that connect your ideas together and indicate how they are related to eachother
Term
credibility
Definition
your listeners oerceive you as qualified to discuss your topic because you are believable, competent, and trustworthy
Term
delivery outline
Definition
a brief outline intended to jog your memory while you deliver your presentation
Term
final summary
Definition
a recap of the main points at the conclusion of the presentation
Term
formal outline
Definition
a detailed and complete outline intended to help you prepare your speech
Term
general purpose
Definition
a broad purpose for your speech, which is usually to inform, persuade, or entertain
Term
initial preview
Definition
a sentence in the introduction that lets the audience know what is coming in the body of the speech
Term
internal preview
Definition
sentences used in the main body of the speech to indicate what will be covered in the key points
Term
internal summary
Definition
statements used during the presentation to summarize what you just said
Term
mind-mapping
Definition
a method to generate ideas and determine relationships among ideas for presentations before organizing your outline
Term
primacy
Definition
your audience will remember what they heard first, so present your most important points first
Term
problem-solution
Definition
a speech arrangement that explores either the causes or consequences of a problem, and then offers a solution that addresses the problem
Term
recency
Definition
your audience will remember what they heard last, so place your most important points last
Term
signpost
Definition
a verbal or nonverbal signal that the speaker is moving from one topic to another
Term
sorting
Definition
an idea-organizing method for speech preparation that uses note cards so that you may re-stack and re-group ideas that go together
Term
spatial
Definition
a speech arrangement that is organized by geographic location or direction
Term
specific purpose
Definition
a single concise aspect of your topic and what you hope to accomplish in your presentation
Term
topical
Definition
a speech arrangement that uses naturally occurring parts, sections, or divisions, which may or may not be arbitrary
Term
transition
Definition
a word, phrase, or nonverbal cue indicating movement from one idea to another
Term
causal relationship
Definition
arising from a cause
Term
connotative meaning
Definition
suggestive or indirect meaning
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
the deriving of a conclusion by reasoning; inference in which the conclusion about the particulars follows necessarily from general or universal premises; a conclusion reached by logical deduction
Term
denotative meaning
Definition
standard or literal meaning
Term
explanation
Definition
something that is made plain and understandable
Term
emotive terms
Definition
of or relating to the emotions
Term
evidence
Definition
an outward sign or something that furnishes proof
Term
fallacies
Definition
an often plausible argument using false or invalid inference; a false or mistaken idea
Term
hasty generalization fallacy
Definition
make a conclusion without enough evidence
Term
the genetic fallacy
Definition
argument rests on an origin, historical tradition, or sacred practice: "We've always done it this way; therefore, this is the best way!" BUT times change and new values replace old ones
Term
Appeal to ignorance
Definition
The expression"You can't prove it won't work" illicitly uses a double negative. Incomplete knowledge also does not mean a claim is or isn't true
Term
Appeal to popular opinion (bandwagon fallacy)
Definition
Because other people are doing it then so am I, appeals to group support
Term
Appeal to (misplaced) Authority
Definition
putting your belief in someone with no credibility
Term
Sequential Fallacy (causal fallacy/ post hoc, ergo propter hoc)
Definition
After this; therefore because of this. MUST have relationship!
Term
Begging the Question Fallacy
Definition
Nothing new has been said
ex: "Abortion is murder because it is taking the life of the unborn" Rephrases the claim (it is murder) to form the reason (it is taking a life)
Term
Ambiguity Fallacy
Definition
a word may have more than one meaning, or a phrase may be misleading. Using a term without clarifying its specific meaning can result in confusion or inaccurate claims.
ex: Dog for same: Eats anything and is fond of children"
Term
Persuasive Definition Fallacy
Definition
value terms and other abstract concepts are open to special or skewed definitions that are unique to the person or group offering them
Term
Name-calling fallacy (attacking the person/ ad hominem)
Definition
using irrelevant personal characteristics to cloud the issues at hand
Term
The red-herring fallacy
Definition
uses irrelevant facts that are tangentially related to the topic to obscure the central issue
Term
Either or fallacy
Definition
contain problem to having two camps: "you're either with me or against me" Only to approaches to a problem
Term
Non Sequitur (Does not follow) Fallacy
Definition
irrelevant info not related to the topic to cloud the issue
Term
generalization
Definition
a general statement, law, principle, or proposition. The act or process whereby a response is made to a stimulus similar to but not identical with a reference stimulus
Term
generalization
Definition
a general statement, law, principle, or proposition. The act or process whereby a response is made to a stimulus similar to but not identical with a reference stimulus
Term
inference
Definition
the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgement considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former; the act of passing from statistical sample data to generalizations
Term
probative value
Definition
serving to prove something or test it
Term
tautological reasoning
Definition
needless repetition of an idea or statement
Term
testimony
Definition
firsthand authentication of a fact or evidence
Term
articulation
Definition
clearly pronouncing each syllable within each word
Term
communication apprehension
Definition
level of nervous anticipation felt before a presentation, which can be enabling or debilitating
Term
enunciation
Definition
emphasizing one word or group of words within a sentence to highlight an idea
Term
extemporaneous speaking
Definition
practiced but not memorized speech
Term
impromptu speaking
Definition
speaking with little to no preparation
Term
manuscript speaking
Definition
reading verbatim from a prepared document
Term
memorized speaking
Definition
speaking from rote memorization
Term
nonverbal delivery
Definition
the use of the body, face, and voice during a presentation
Term
speech voice
Definition
an unnatural, forced style of speaking that some adopt to think sounds more professional
Term
verbal delivery
Definition
word choice and language selection during a presentation
Term
audience-focus
Definition
the use delivery as a tool to help shape your interaction and involve your audience
Term
extemporaneous speaking
Definition
presentation style that is practiced
Term
factual illustration
Definition
a detailed accounting that makes several points
Term
logos
Definition
logical appeals
Term
message-focus
Definition
to focus too much on the message creating a rift between the speaker and the audience
Term
pathos
Definition
emotional appeals
Term
self-focus
Definition
to focus too much on what the speaker herself is doing rather than connecting with the audience
Term
specific instance
Definition
an undeveloped example that always follows a factual illustration
Term
attitude
Definition
a learned disposition of feeling toward something
Term
belief
Definition
an understanding that something is true or false
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
a state of conflicting thoughts or emotions that produces tension that a person works to reduce
Term
criteria
Definition
bases on which judgements are made
Term
Maslow's hierarchy of Needs
Definition
Suggests that there are physiological, safety, social, self-esteem, and self-actualization needs that people desire to have fulfilled
Term
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
Definition
attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
Term
persuasion
Definition
the process of influence
Term
question of fact
Definition
determines whether an issue exists (is it real?)
Term
question of policy
Definition
determines whether an issue is governed by a policy that should be implemented or changed
Term
question of value
Definition
determines whether an issue is important or relevant and why
Term
rhetoric
Definition
discovering the available means of persuasion in any given situation
Term
statis theory
Definition
From the Greek, "stand," a way of asking questions to determine the main issue of an argument or debate
Term
target audience
Definition
listeners you most want to influence
Term
veil of ignorance
Definition
means of "shielding" your eyes from things that might bias you against an argument (e.g., race, gender, religion, etc.)
Term
value
Definition
a deeply felt, ethical stance toward something
Term
argument
Definition
a particular structure of reasoning that mediates differences between opposing forces
Term
claim
Definition
a short summary of the argument/statement that the advocate wishes the audience to believe
Term
claim
Definition
a short summary of the argument/statement that the advocate wishes the audience to believe
Term
enthymeme
Definition
a partial syllogism based on the probable with a missing premise
Term
grounds
Definition
this is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim
Term
horos
Definition
a question of the ket terms in the debate
Term
narrative
Definition
symbolic action, words, and/or deeds that have a sequence of meaning for those who interpret them
Term
narrative coherence
Definition
the degree to which the story holds together
Term
narrative fidelity
Definition
the degree in which the story matches our own beliefs and experiences in the world
Term
poites
Definition
a question of condensing the debate to the necessary and pertinent information
Term
reasoning
Definition
the means to process differences between opposing forces
Term
stasis
Definition
the core point(s) around which the argument revolves
Term
syllogism
Definition
a form of rhetorical discourse in which certain premises have been made and a conclusive premise follows
Term
technique of association
Definition
an argument made by example
Term
technique of dislocation
Definition
comparing two incompatible ideas where one is referred to as an "appearance" and the other is referred to as "reality"
Term
warrant
Definition
the inferential leap from the claim to the grounds- the reasoning argument works like an elbow connecting the upper arm (the claim) to the lower arm (the grounds)
Term
warrant
Definition
the inferential leap from the claim to the grounds- the reasoning argument works like an elbow connecting the upper arm (the claim) to the lower arm (the grounds)
Term
classification
Definition
a structural division that breaks a topic into "classes" of information
Term
dysfluencies
Definition
interruptions in languages, such as pauses and filler words (e.g., um and uh)
Term
ethos
Definition
the Greek word meaning "credibility"
Term
impromptu
Definition
a type of speaking wherein the speaker has little to no times to prepare a presentation on a given topic
Term
logos
Definition
from the greek for "the word;" it is translated as logic
Term
narrative proof
Definition
a story used to support a claim; the story can be personal or hypothetical
Term
supports
Definition
evidence supporting a claim; the story can be personal or hypothetical
Term
unification
Definition
structural division in which all main points unify to support the thesis or central idea
Supporting users have an ad free experience!