• Differential
• Profile
• Topographic

Profile Levling

Determine elevation of spaced grid points

- use contour lines

Elevation at which the survey equipment is positioned at given by equation: 

HI= BM+BS

This is the measured spot elevation you create from measuring off a known BM

TP1= HI-FS

Benchmark (BM)

Known point of elevation

This measure is feet above sea level

(Add Measurement)

This measure is forward movement in survey

forward measurement

(Subract Measure)

1. Construction Level
2. Self-Compensating Level
3. Transit
4. Theodolite
5. EDMI
6. Total Station
7. Laser Level
8. GPS
9. Sonic Detection

Dumpy zoom ability (10-20x)

Simple

Straight Line

4 screws

Just Like Construction Level

3 Screws (Level)

Can read angles very accuratly 

1 sec of an Arc

Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument

Same as Theodolite but with distance componet

Swiss army knife of Survey tools

Theodolite with a computer

Angle and distance capabilities

Light beam or infarred

infarred has meter reader

Adv. one person can do a job.

Used for simple concrete foundations

Not Tradtional

Hook into heavy equipment to grade soils

runs best with a 3 satillite connection

1. Pacing
2. Odometer
3. Stadia
4. Taping

Pacing

(Linear Measure)

Odometer

(Linear Measure)

Using a wheel to count a distance

Calibrated wheel with handle attached

Stadia

(Linear Measurement)

Optical measurement of linear distance

stadia hair located on top and bottom of crosshairs in scope.

(Reading at top stadia)-(Reading at bottom stadia)*100=Distance

• Identify special requirments
• Check prints for provisions
• Storm water run-off control
• Eroision control
• TCB
• Mark property and utilities

• Study plot plans and specs
• look at contour
• Establish benchmarks

1. Grid Method
2. Radical Staking
3. Rough grade grid ~100' Int.

1. Shallow
2. Deep

• ~1-2 story buildings
• Not for heavy floor loads
• SOG
• Proper soil compaction needed
• Thicken floor sections for concentrated loads
• Spread footings

• Used in poor soil conditions
• Piles or Pile caps used
• Below ground foundation 

Geo-Tech Reports

1. Boring Logs
2. Soil Types
3. Soil Strengths
4. Angle of Response

1. Compaction Take place?
2. Work laid out correctly?
3. Things must be signed off on

U.S.G.S

United States Geological Survey

• Based on Latitude & Longitude
• Placed land into rectangular system
• North & South= Meridians
• East & West= Parallels or base lines

1. Quadrangle
2. Township
3. Section
4. Quarter Section

• 24 miles each side
• subdivided into 16 townships

6 Miles per side

subdivided into 36 Sections

640 acres

subdivided into Quarter Sections

1/2 mile sides

subdidved into 80,40,20,10,5 acre plots

Township Lines

v.

Range Lines

Township Lines: Run East and West

Range Lines: Run North and South

Range Lines are true Meridians therefore they converge

• Broken into 4 Quadrants
• There are bearing rules

Azimuth

• Expressed in entire 360 Deg.
• Clockwise Expresion (UNO)

1. Material Handling
2. Labor Productivity
3. Equipment Constraints
4. Site Constraints

• Optimize worker productivity 
• No waking distance
• No wait time
• Store material vs. Delivered as used
• Advoid double handling
• DO NOT have craftsman moving material ($$$)

• SUPPLIER DELIVER MATERIAL 2 JOB
• Economical
• No worker comp or benefits to pay
• trained to handle material
• cover responibilty if damaged.
• requires scheduling if storage is not allowed

• Availabilty
• Demensions
• Functions
• Capacities
• Tempory or special Equipment needed
• Cost to rent
• Saftey
• Access point of use

• MDOT Class
• Frost Laws
• Over-Height
• Over Width
• Axles (Weight)
• Site Entrances
• Road Base

• Using 2 cranes to lift

OR

• Using above 75% lift capacity of equipment (Crane)

• Labor Cost is unpredictable
• Hours to complete hard to estimate
• Have to take travel time into account (on-site)

• Site Layout
• Powerlines, Trees
• Point of Delivery
• Unload material
• Job Sequence
• Location of Temp facilities

Soil Requirments

• Ability to carry load
• Stable in all conditions

• Grain Size Distrobution
• Ability to drain
• Compressability
• Shear Strength
• Load bearing capabilities

1. Solids
2. Liquids
3. Gases

• Igneous
• Sedimentary
• Metamorphic

• Molten Rock
• Stable at Earths center
• Breaks down when expossed to air
• Example: High Silica 

• Accumulated deposits of soil particales
• usually found under-water
• identified by a layered appearance
• example: Shale, Limestone, Sandstone

• From a sedimentary rock
• made up of clays and silts
• can provide a good foundation material
• good in dry form

• Sedimentary material
• made under water
• Good foundation material
• Must be sound and free of cavities

• Created thru a combination of heat and pressure
• Weather breaks it down

• Mechanical
• Coarse soil particals
• Chemical
• Very small particales
• reaction from exposure to atmosphere, temp change, water

• Residual
• Formed from weathered rock or compressed organic material
• Transported
• Moved from place of orgin by gravity, wind, or water. (Elements)

• Strength and compressability
• Related to unit volume or weight of soil
• Determines bearing capacities
• used to determine settlement and slope stability 

Cubic foot= 8 gallons

1 gallon= 8 lbs

1 cu. ft.= 62.4 lbs

1. Non-Coehesive
2. Cohesive
3. Organic

• Plastic over a wide range of water content
• when dry- very high strength
• Postive charged Ions
• attracts water present

Particle Distribution

Course Grain Soils

1. Gravel
2. Sand

Particle Distrobution

Fine Grain Soils

1. Silts
2. Clays

• Pass #200 Sive

• Little to no plasticity
• When dry- very little strength

• Angular
• locking capabilities
• Sub-Angular
• River rock (rounded edges)
• Rounded

• Gravel
• >1/4" but less then 3"
• Sand
• >#200 to 1/4"
• Silt
• =#200, but larger then .002mm
• Clay
• <.002mm 

• Unified System Classification System
• Building structure
• AASHTO
• Heavy Civil

• 2 letter label system
• Course grain
• <50% by weight, pass #200 Sieve
• Fine grain
• >50% by weight, fail #200 Sieve

• Soils are classified as types A1-A7
• corresponds to sub-grade material 

• Indicates the type and condition of soil
• Relationship to structural properties
• strength
• compressability
• tendecy to swell

1. Add water to sample for consistency of putty
2. Mold sample into ball
3. Let sample sit and dry
4. Try to break w/ hand

• Does not break= High Plasticity
• Breakes but does not dust= Med. Plasticity
• Breakes & powders= Low plasticity

• % of dry weight
• Point where soils begins to flow using the shake test

• Moisture content(%) which soil just begins to crumble when rolled into 1/8" dia.

• Numerical difference between liquid & plastic limits
• Represents moisture content range in the soil that remained plastic

• Pocket Penetrometer
• press into unconfined soil and read calibration
• Torvane
• press blades into unconfined soil and turn until breaks. read calibration

• Sand Cone
• Balloon Apparatus
• Nuclear Moisture density gage
• gama rays injected into soil and reads amount of rays reflected back 
• MDOT uses method

• Red or Brown
• Dry- Stong and Plastic
• Gray or Metalic
• Saturated

1. Bank
2. Loose
3. Compact

Bank

Condition Soil

• Material in natural state
• reffered to as "in-place"
• Unit: BCY

Loose

Condition Soil

• Material has been excavated
• Unit: LCY

• Soil volume increases after excavation
• Air
• Voids
• Volumw is greater
• Factor= 1.3
• in-place qty * 1.3= hual
• Calc used when hauling out material

• Used when bringing in fill
• Hual fill will shrink when placed
• Factor= .12
• required in-place/.88

OR

• required in-place *1.12