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Definition
| a means to finding answers to questions |
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Definition
| a process in which a researcher combines a set of principles, outlooks and ideas with a collection of specific practices, techniques and strategies to produce knowledge |
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Definition
| the tendency to take notice of certain people or events based on past experience or attitudes |
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Definition
| an error using personal experience that occurs when some evidence supports a belief but a person falsely assumes that it applies to many other situations |
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Definition
| personal experience error that occurs when people feel they have the answers and don't need to listen, seek info or raise questions |
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Definition
| personal experience error that occurs when a person overgeneralizes from what they accept as positive and prestigious and lets that reputation "rub off" onto other areas |
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Definition
| means of producing knowledge |
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Definition
| the empirical evidence/info a person gathers according to established rules or procedures |
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| expressed as words, pictures, sounds, visual images and objects |
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| observations gathered through the senses |
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| a collection of people who share a collection of rules and attitudes that sustain the process of producing social knowledge |
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Definition
| the process of creating new knowledge using the ideas, techniques and rules of the scientific community |
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| research to advance fundamental knowledge |
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| research that attempts to solve a practical problem |
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| applied research where you try to determine how well a program or policy is working or reaching its goals and objectives |
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Definition
| applied research where a researcher treats knowledge as a form of power and abolishes the division between creating knowledge and using knowledge to engage in political action |
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Definition
| applied research where a researcher estimates the likely consequences and outcomes of a planned intervention or intentional change to occur in the future |
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Definition
| research into an area that has been studied and to develop initial ideas and more focused research question |
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Definition
| research in which one "paints-a-picture" using words, numbers, profiles, stages or classified types |
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Definition
| research that focuses on why events occur or tries to test and build social theory |
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Definition
| examines a single point in time or takes a one-time snapshot approach |
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Definition
| examines the features of people or other units at multiple points in time |
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Definition
| takes place over time in which different people or cases may be looked at in each time period |
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Definition
| longitudinal that observes the exact same people, group or organization across multiple time points |
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| longitudinal that focuses on a category of people who share a similar life experience in a specified period |
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Definition
| qualitative research on a small number of cases (or one case) that a researcher carefully examines a large number of details |
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Definition
| research where one intervenes or does something to one group not the other and compares the results |
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Definition
| qualitative research where one asks many people the same questions and then records and analyzes their answers |
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Definition
| examines patterns of symbolic meaning in written text, audio, visual or other communication media |
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| existing statistic research |
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Definition
| examines numerical info from government documents or official reports to address new research questions |
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Definition
| one-one-one interview that is usually semi-structured and open-ended |
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Definition
| a type of group interview in which an interviewer poses questions to the group and answers are given in open discussion |
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Definition
| qualitative research where a researcher directly observes and participates in a natural setting for an extended period |
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Definition
| a system of interconnected abstractions or ideas that condenses and organizes knowledge about the social world |
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Definition
| an idea expressed as a symbol or in words |
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Definition
| a collection of interrelated ideas that share a common assumptions, belong to the same larger social theory and refer to one another |
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| a means of organizing abstract, complex concepts using a combination of the characteristics of simpler concepts |
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| a pure model about an idea, process or event |
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| a part of social theory that isn't tested but acts as a starting point or basic belief about the world |
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Definition
| basic statement in social theory that two ideas or variables are related to each other. Can be true false, conditional and/or casual |
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Definition
| an approach where one begins with abstract ideas and principles then works towards concrete, empirical evidence to TEST the idea |
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Definition
| an approach that begins with empirical evidence details then works towards BUILDING abstract ideas and principles |
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| rooted in observations of specific, concrete ideas |
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| a quasi-theoretical statement that summarizes findings or regularities in empirical evidence. Uses few abstract ideas and only about a recurring pattern researchers observes |
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Definition
| social theories and explanations about small-scale and narrow level of reality (face-to-face during 2 months) |
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Definition
| social theories and explanations about the middle level of social reality (development over 5 years |
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Definition
| social theories and explanations about more abstract, large scale and broad-scope aspects of reality (changes in family over decades) |
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Definition
| a statement about something that is likely to occur in the future |
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Definition
| a statement about why events occur expressed in cause and effect |
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Definition
| in establishing causation, the cause must come before the effect |
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Definition
| a co-occurrence of 2 events, factors, characteristics or activities |
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Definition
| variables move in the same direction |
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Definition
| variables move in opposite directions |
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Definition
| based on biological analogies in which the social world or its parts are seen as systems with parts serving as the needs of the system |
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Term
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Definition
| a general organizing framework for social theory and empirical research. Includes basic assumptions, major questions, models of good practise and theory and methods |
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Definition
| the principle that researchers must be able to repeat scientific findings in multiple studies and have high levels of confidence that findings are true |
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Definition
| approach based on laws or operates with a system of laws |
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Definition
| approach that focuses on creating detailed descriptions of specific events in particular time periods and settings |
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Definition
| empathetic understanding of another world view. From German translating to "understanding" |
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Definition
| idea in critical social science that social theory and everyday practice interact or work together, mutually affecting one another |
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Definition
| when someone engages in research fraud, plagiarism or other unethical conduct that significantly deviates from the accepted research practice in the scientific community |
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Definition
| a type of unethical behaviour in which a researcher fakes or invents data that they did not really collect of failure to fully or honestly report how they conducted a study |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of unethical behaviour in which one uses the writing/ideas of another without giving proper credit |
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Term
| principle of voluntary consent |
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Definition
| an ethical principle of social research that people should never participate in research unless they first explicitly agree to do so |
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Definition
| an agreement by participants stating they are willing to be in a study after they learn something about what it will involve |
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Definition
| people who lack the necessary cognitive competency to give real informed consent or people in a weak position who might compromise their freedom to refuse to participate |
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Term
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Definition
| a design to reduce creating inequality; it is when a study group that gets no treatment the first ti |
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Term
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Definition
| research participants remain anonymous and nameless |
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Term
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Definition
| info has names attached but researcher holds it in confidence or keeps it a secret from the public |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who sees ethical wrong-doing, tries unsuccessfully to correct in internally and then informs an external audience, agency or the media |
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Definition
| a systematic examination of previously published studies on a research question, issue or method that a researcher takes and integrates together to prepare for conducting a study or to summarize the "state of the field" |
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Definition
| details of a scholarly journal article's location that help people find it |
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Definition
| term with 2 meanings in a literature reviews: a short summary that appears at the beginning and a reference tool to locate articles |
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Definition
| a quantitative overview of existing evidence on a particular topic |
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Definition
| a list of sources pertaining to a specific topic, which includes full citation information, a summar y of the article (including research method), its findings and evaluative comments about quality of the research |
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Definition
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Definition
no quotation marks
initials |
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Definition
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Definition
| research that proceeds in a clear, logical, step-by-step straight line |
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Definition
| research that proceeds in a circular, back and forth matter |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values |
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Term
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Definition
| the categories/levels of a variable |
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Definition
| the first variable that causes or produces the effect in a causal relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect variable that is last and results from the causal variable in a causal explanation. Also, the variable that is measured in the pretest and post test and that is the result of the treatment in experimental research |
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Term
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Definition
| a variable that is between the initial causal variable and the final effect variable in a causal explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| the statement from a causal explanation or a proposition that has at least one independent and one dependent variable but it has yet to be empirically tested |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothesis that says there is no relationship or association between two variables or no effect |
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Definition
| a hypothesis paired with a null hypothesis stating that the independent variable has an effect on a dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to talk about the scope of a social theory, causal explanation, proposition, hypothesis or theoretical statement. The range of phenomena it covers, or to which it pplied, goes from social psychological (micro) to organizational (mesa) to large-scale social structure (macro) |
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Term
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Definition
| the kind of empirical case or unit that a researcher observes, measures and analyzes in a study |
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Term
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Definition
| something that appears to be a causal explanation but its not. It occurs because of a confusion about a unit of analysis. A researcher has empirical evidence about an association for large-scale units or huge aggregates but overgeneralizes to make theoretical statements about an association among small-scale units or individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| something that appears to be a causal explanation but its not, because of a confusion about units of analysis. A researcher has empirical evidence for an association at the level of individual behaviour or very small-scale units but overgeneralizes to make theoretical statements about very large-scale units |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement that appears to be a causal explanation but is not because of a hidden, unmeasured or initially unseen variable. The unseen variable comes earlier in the temporal order and it has a causal impact on what was initially posited to be the independent variable as well as the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| an error in explanation where apparent differences between groups tend to reverse or disappear when groups are combined |
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Definition
| an error in explanation that rests on circular reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| an error in explanation that relies on the fulfillment of an ultimate purpose |
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Definition
| the process of developing clear, rigorous, systematic, conceptual definitions for abstract ideas/concepts |
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Definition
| a careful systematic definition of a construct that is explicitly written to clarify one's thinking. It is often linked to other concepts or theoretical statement |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of moving from the conceptual definition of a construct to a set of specific activities or measures that allow a researcher to observe it empirically |
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Term
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Definition
| the definition of a variable in terms of the specific activities to measure or indicate it with empirical evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of hypothesis in which the researcher expresses variables in abstract, conceptual terms and expresses the relationship among variables in a theoretical way |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of hypothesis in which the researcher expresses variables in specific terms and expresses the association among the measured indicators of observable, empirical evidence |
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Definition
| the dependability or consistency of the measure of the variable |
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Definition
| a term meaning "truth" that can be applied to the logical tightness of experimental design, the ability to generalize findings outside a study, the quality of measurement and the proper use of procedures |
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Term
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Definition
| many procedures or instruments that indicate or provide evidence of the presence or level of a variable using empirical evidence. Researchers use the combination of several together to measure of a variable |
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Term
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Definition
| how well an empirical indicator and the conceptual definition of the construct that the indicator is supposed to measure "fit" together |
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Definition
| a type of measurement validity in which an indicator "makes sense" as a measure of a construct in the judgment of others, especially the scientific community |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement validity that requires that a measure represents all aspects of the conceptual definition of a construct |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement validity that relies on some independent outside verification |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement validity that relies on a preexisting and already accepted measure to verify the indicator of a construct |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement validity that relies on the occurrence of a future event or behaviour that is logically consistent to verify the indicator of a construct. |
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Definition
| the ability of experimenters to strengthen a causal explanations logical rigour by eliminating potential alternative explanations for an association between the treatment and the dependent variable through an experimental design |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to generalize from experimental research to settings or people that differ from the specific conditions of the study |
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Term
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Definition
| this is achieved when an appropriate statistical procedure is selected and the assumptions of the procedure are fully met |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that organizes the info in the measurement of variables into four general levels |
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Definition
| infinite number of finer gradations between attributes are possible |
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Term
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Definition
| variables in which the attributes can be measured, only with a limited number of distinct, separate categories |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest and least precise level of measurement for which there is only a difference in type among the categories of a variable |
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Definition
| identifies difference among attributes, ranks and categories and measures distance between categories but there is no true zero |
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Term
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Definition
| most precise level for which variable attributes can be rank ordered, the distance between attributes precisely measured and an absolute zero exists |
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Term
| mutually exclusive attributes |
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Definition
| principle that response categories in a scale or other measure should be organized so that a person's responses fit into only one category |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that response category in a scale or other measure should provide a category for all possible responses |
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Definition
| principle that when using multiple indicators to measure a construct, all indicators should consistently fit together and indicate a single construct |
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Definition
| selecting a base and dividing a raw measure by the base |
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Definition
| type of quantitative data measure often used in survey research that captures the intensity , direction, level or potency of a variable construct along a continuum |
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Definition
| a smaller set of cases a researcher selects from a larger pool and generalizes to the population |
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Definition
| an attempt to count everyone in a target population |
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Definition
| type of sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process |
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Definition
| nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across |
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Definition
| nonrandom sample in which the researcher first identifies general categories into which cases or people will be selected, then he or she selects a predetermined number of cases in each category |
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Term
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Definition
| nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult to reach population |
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Definition
| nonrandom sample especially used by qualitative researchers, in which a researcher selects unusual or nonconformity cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting |
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Term
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Definition
| nonrandom sample where the researcher begins with one case then, based on info about interrelationships from that case, identifies other cases, and then repeats the process again and again |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram or "map" that shows the network of social relationships, influence patterns or communication paths among a group of people or units |
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Definition
| nonrandom sample in which a researcher tries to find as many relevant cases as possible until time, financial resources and energy is exhaustive or no new info is discovered |
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Definition
| an interview technique associated with the grounded theory approach in which the sample size is determined when the data reaches theoretical saturation |
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Definition
| refers to the point at which no new themes emerge from the data and sampling is considered complete |
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Definition
| name for a single case or unit to be selected |
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Definition
| the name for the large general group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and is usually stated in theoretical terms |
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Definition
| name for the large general group of many cases from which a sample is drawn and is specified in very concrete terms |
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Definition
| number of cases in the sample divided by the number of cases in the population or sampling frame |
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Definition
| list of cases in a population or best approximation |
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Definition
| characteristic of the entire population that is estimated from a sample |
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Definition
| a numerical estimate of a population parameter computed from a sample |
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Definition
| how much a sample deviates from being representative of the population |
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Definition
| estimate about the amount of sampling error that exists in a survey's research |
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Definition
| type of sample in which the researcher uses a random number table or similar mathematical random process so that each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected |
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Term
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Definition
| type of random sample in which a researcher creates a samplign frame and uses a pure random process to select cases. Each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected |
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Term
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Definition
| list of numbers that has no pattern in it and used to create a random process for selecting cases and other randomization purposes |
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Definition
| a distribution created by drawing many random samples from the same population |
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Definition
| law-like mathematical relationships stating that whenever many random samples are drawn from a population and plotted a normal distribution is formed, and the centre of such a distribution for a variable is equal to its population parameter |
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Term
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Definition
| range of values withing which has a specified and high degree of confidence that the population parameters lie |
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Term
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Definition
| type of random sample in which the researcher first identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, then uses a random selection method to select cases for each category |
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Term
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Definition
| random sample that uses multiple stages and is used to cover wide geographical areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected, samples are then drawn from the sampled aggregated units or clusters |
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Term
| probability proportionate to size |
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Definition
| adjustment made in cluster sampling when each cluster does not have the same number of sampling elements |
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Definition
| method of randomly selecting cases for telephone interviews that uses all possible numbers as a sampling frame |
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Definition
| people who engage in clandestine, deviant or concealed activities and who are difficult to locate and study |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of applied mathematics or statistics based on a random sample. It lets a researcher make precise statements about the level of confidence they have in the results of a sample being equal to the population parameter. |
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Definition
| name of a survey research questionnaire when a telephone or face-to-face interview is used |
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Definition
| problem in survey research question writing that occurs when a highly respected group or individual is linked to one of the answers |
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Term
| double-barrelled question |
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Definition
| a problem in survey research question writing that occurs when 2 ideas are combined into one questions and it is unclear whether the answer is for the combination of both or one of the questions |
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Definition
| questions that leads the respondent to choose ones response over another by its wording |
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Definition
| type of survey research question in which respondents are likely to cover up or lie about their true behaviour or beliefs because they fear a loss of self-image or that they may appear to be undesirable or deviant |
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Definition
| bias in which respondets give a "normative"" response or a socially acceptable answer rather than giving a truthful answer |
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Definition
| means by which a survey is conducted |
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Definition
| multi-part question in survey research. The answer to the first part determines which of the other questions the respondent next receives |
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Definition
| type of question where respondents are free to offer any answer they wish |
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Definition
| type of question where the respondent must choose from a fixed set of answers |
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Definition
| type of question where respondents are given a fixed set of answers to choose from, but in addition an "other" category is offered so they can specify |
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Definition
| type of question in which the answers fail to include a "don't know" or "no opinion" |
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Definition
| type of question including "no opinion" or "don't know" |
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Definition
| respondents are first asked if they have an opinion, only those with an opinion or knowledge are asked a specific question on the subject |
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Definition
| respondents who lack a belief of opinion, but who give an answer anyway if asked in a survey question with inconsistent answers |
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Definition
| an effect when respondents agree to every question in a series without thinking through the answers |
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Definition
| an effect that occurs when a specific word or term affects how respondents answer the question |
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Definition
| an effect in which respondents hear some specific questions before others and those questions affect later answers |
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Definition
| way to order questions in a specific questionnaire from general to specifics |
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Definition
| an effect when the overall tone or set topics heard by a respondents affects how they interpret the meaning of subsequent questions |
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Term
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Definition
| 1+ pages at the beginning of a questionnaire with info about an interview or respondent |
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Term
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Definition
| type of question in which a set of questions is listen in a compact form together, all questions sharing the same set or answer categories. |
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Definition
| follow-up question / answer used to have respondent clarify or elaborate on an incomplete or inappropriate answer |
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Term
| computer-assisted telephone interviewing |
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Definition
| the interviewer sits before a computer screen and keyboard and uses the computer to read questions and input them directly for phone interviews |
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Term
| computer-assisted personal interviewing |
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Definition
| like computer assisted telephone interviewing but with face-to-face interviews |
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Term
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Definition
| when someone with little interest in learning from a respondent uses survey format to persuade someone to do something |
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Definition
| dividing subjects into groups at the beginning of experimental research using a random process so the groups are equivalent |
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Definition
| term used to refer to the potentially limited external validity of studies based on undergrad sample unusually using the experimental method |
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Definition
| the cases / people used in research projects and on whom variables are measured |
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Definition
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Definition
| measurement of dependent variable prior to the treatment |
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Definition
| measurement of the dependent variable after treatment |
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Definition
| group that receives treatment |
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Definition
| group that gets no treatment |
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Definition
| when a researcher gives a true explanation of the experiment after using deception |
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Term
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Definition
| when an experimentor lies to subjects about the true nature of an experiment or creates a false impression through actions or settings |
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Term
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Definition
| arranging the parts of an experiment and putting them together |
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Term
| classic experimental design |
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Definition
| random assignment, control and experimental group and pre / post tests for each group |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental group and post-tests |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks random assignment and uses shortcuts with weak internal validity |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 groups and post-test (no random assignment) |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to classic design but the experimenter has limited control over the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| dependent variable is measured periodically across many time points and the treatment occurs in the midst of such measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| several repeated pre and post tests and treatments for one group over a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| used to examine whether the order or sequence in which subjects receive multiple version of the treatment has an effect |
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Term
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Definition
| random assignment into 2 of each groups however only one of each type receives the pretest |
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Term
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Definition
| considers the impact of several independent variables |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of two independent variables that operate simultaneously which is greater together than would occurs with simple addition of the effects of each. They are "boosted" together |
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Term
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Definition
| name of a symbol system used to discuss the parts of an experiment and to make diagrams of them |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity when groups aren't equivalent at the beginning |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity due to something that occurs and affects the dependent variable during an experiment but which is unplanned and outside the control of the experimenter |
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Definition
| a threat in internal validity due to natural processes of growth, boredom and so on that occur to subjects during the experiment and affects the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| pretest measures that itself affects an experiment which threatens internal validity because more than treatment affects the dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to reliability occurring when the dependent variable measure changes during the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| threatens to internal validity due to subjects failing to participate through the entire experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| problem of extreme values or a tendency for random errors to move group results towards the average |
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Term
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Definition
| a threat to internal validity that occurs when the treatment "spills over" from the experimental group and control group modifies behaviour because they learn of the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| a researcher may threaten internal validity not by purosefully unethical behaviour but by indirectly communication desired findings to the subject |
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Term
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Definition
| the subject and person who directly deals with the subject don't know the details |
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Term
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Definition
| false treatment to no effect that a subject mistakes for true treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| general threat to reactivity that arises because subjects are aware they are being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects reacted to the fact that they were in an experiment more than the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental research that takes places in an artificial setting over which the experimenter has great control |
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Term
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Definition
| research in a natural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| specific type of quasi-experiment where a research can examine the impact of a policy change or similar change in a social system by comparing an outcome of interest before and after such change is implemented |
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Term
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Definition
| measures in which people being studied are unaware that they are in a study |
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Term
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Definition
nonreactive
- measures that don't intrude keeping subjects unaware |
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Term
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Definition
| words, meanings, pictures, sumbols, ideas, themes or messages that can be communicated |
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Term
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Definition
| general name for symbolic meaning within a communication medium measures in content analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| process of converting raw info and data in to another form of analysis (usually numbers) |
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Term
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Definition
| set of instructions or rules used in content analysis to explain how to systematically convert the symbolic content from text into data |
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Term
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Definition
| method of watching what is happening in a social setting that is highly organized and that follows systematic rules for observation and documentation |
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Term
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Definition
| types of content analysis coding in which a researcher first develops a list of specific words, phrases or symbols and then finds them in a communication medium |
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Term
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Definition
| exhaustive list of all possible values that codes may take in content analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| types of content analysis coding in which a researcher identifies subjective meaning such as general themes or motifs in a communication medium |
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Term
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Definition
| page on which a researcher writes down what is coded in content analysis |
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Term
| fallacy of misplaced concreteness |
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Definition
| when a person uses too many digits in a quantitative measures in an attempt to create the impression that the data are accurate or the researcher is highly complicated |
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Term
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Definition
| a document that describes the procedure for coding variables and their location in a format for computer |
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Term
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Definition
| paper with a printed grid on which a researcher records info so that is can be easily entered into a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| method of entering data into a computer by typing data without code or optical scan |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaning data using a computer and looking for responses or answer categories that cannot have cases |
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Term
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Definition
| cleaning data using a computer in which the researcher looks at the combination of categories for 2 variables for logically impossible cases |
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Term
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Definition
| general type of simple statistics used by researchers to describe basic patterns in the data |
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Term
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Definition
| deal with a single variable |
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Term
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Definition
| table that shows the distribution of cases into the category of one variable |
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Term
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Definition
| display of quantitative data for one variable in the form of rectangles - small space between, discrete data |
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Term
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Definition
| display of numerical info on one variable that divides a circle into fractions by lines representing the proportion of cases in the variables attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| measures of central tendency for one variable that indicates the most frequent or common score |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution with 2 modes |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution with multiple modes |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of central tendecy for one variable indicating the point r score at which half the cases are higher and half are lower |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of central tendency for one variable that indicates the arithmetic average |
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Term
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Definition
| "bell-shaped" frequency polygon for a distribution of cases, with a peak in the centre and identical curving slopes on either side of the centre |
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Term
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Definition
a distribution of cases among the categories of a variable that is not normal
- more at extremes than centre |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of dispersion for one variable indication highest and lowest scores |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of dispersion for one variable that indicates the percentage of cases at or below a score or point |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of dispersion for one variable that indicates an average distance between the scores and the mean |
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Term
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Definition
| way to locate a score in a distribution of scores by determining the number of standard deviation it is above or below the metric average |
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Term
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Definition
| involves two variables only |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that 2 variables vary together, such that knowing the values in one variable provides info about values found in another variable |
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Term
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Definition
absence of a statistical relationship between 2 variables
- no association between variables |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram to display the statistical relationship between 2 variables based on plotting each case's values for both of the variables |
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Term
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Definition
association between 2 variables that is positive or negative across the attributes or levels of the variable
- the basic pattern forms a straight line |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship between 2 variabels such that as the values of one variable increase, the values of the second show a change in pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of spread in the points on the graph. A high level of precision occurs when the points hug the line that summarizes relationship. A low level occurs when the points are widely spread around the line |
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Term
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Definition
| placing data for 2 variables in a contingency table to show the number or percentage of cases at the intersection of categories of the 2 variables |
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Term
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Definition
| totals in a contingency table, outside the body of a table |
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Term
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Definition
| single number that expresses the strength and often the direction, of a relationship. It condenses info about a bivariate relationship into a single number |
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Term
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Definition
| a "third" variable that shows whether a bivariate relationship holds up to alternative explanations |
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Term
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Definition
| in contingency tables for 3 variables, tables that show the association between independent variables and dependent variables for each category of the control group |
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Term
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Definition
| system for describing patterns evident among tables when a bivariate contingency diploma is compared with partials after the control variable has been added |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern in the elaboration paradigm in whic hthe partials show the same relationship as in a bivariate contingency table of the independent and dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern in the elaboration paradigm in whic the bivariate contingency table shows a relationship. One of the partial tables shows the relationship, but other tables do not |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern in the elaboration paradigm in thich the bivariate contingency table shows a relationship but the partials show no relationship and the control variable is intervening in the causal explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern in the elaboration paradigm in which the bivariate contingency table shows a relationship but the partials show no relationship and the control variable occurs prior to the independent variable |
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Term
| suppressor variable pattern |
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Definition
| pattern in the elaboration paradigm in which no relationship appears in a bivariate contingency table but the partials show a relationship between the variables |
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Term
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Definition
| way to discuss the likelihood that a finding or statistical relationship in a sample is due to the random factors rather than due to the existence of an actual relationship in the entire relationship |
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Term
| level of statistical significance |
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Definition
| set of numbers researchers use as a simple way to measure the dress to which a statistical relationship results from a random factors rather than the existence of a true relationship among variables |
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Term
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Definition
| logical error of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| logical error of falsely accepting the null hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term for the remuneration given to research participants, often in the form of cash |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription technique in qualitative interviews where only the parts that are deemed relevant are transcribed |
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Term
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Definition
| general term that is used to refer to individuals who participates in qualitative research projects |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative interviews, this refers to questions that are general opening questions in which the interviewee is prompted to give their account of a situation or experience |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to questions that are asked in qualitative interviews to get additional description about topics just discussed by the interviewee |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative interview questions that ask to get more detailed descriptions about specific aspects of the interviewees description |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative interviews, refers to types of questions used by an interviewer to expand on incomplete points they raised |
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Term
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Definition
| in qualitative interviews, questions usually introduced bu the interviewer towards the end in order to address specific questions that may not have been covered |
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Term
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Definition
| questions used in qualitative interviews to keep the interview on track if it has gone off topic or to keep the interview moving along |
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Term
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Definition
| in qualitative interviews, questions that are asked to ensure that the researcher is interpreting what the interviewee is saying as correctly as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in qualitative interviews used to get interviewees to continue speaking |
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Term
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Definition
| list of questions that a researcher wishes to address in the course of a qualitative interview |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a trained facilitator used in focus group research who guides the focus group discussion |
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Term
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Definition
| in focus group research, refers to people's natural desire to avoid conflict and lean toward group consensus, even when the opinion of the group does not reflect their own personal opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| in focus group research, refers to a person whose role it is to argue against a dominant idea and who could introduce new questions and new ways of thinking into group so as to prevent the tendency towards group conformity |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to field research that emphasizes providing a very detailed description of a different culture from the viewpoint of an insider of that culture in order to permit a greater understanding of it |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of data collection and analysis approaches that are linked together through an overarching theoretical orientation |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that researchers should examine events as they occur in natural, everyday, ongoing social settings |
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Term
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Definition
| the one or more natural locations where a researcher conducts field research |
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Term
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Definition
| in field research, when a researcher only observes the study group without participating in their activities |
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Term
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Definition
| in field research when a research fully participates in all aspects of the study groups activities as though a member |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the role of a researcher in field research when they participate to some dress in group activities but not as a full member |
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Term
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Definition
| someone with the formal or informal activity to control site access |
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Term
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Definition
| in field research, refers to a researcher who is secretly observing a group without the group knowing |
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Term
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Definition
| in field research refers to a researcher who is studying a group with their full knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in field research in which researchers study a field site by mentally adjusting to see it for the first time |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens when a researcher in the field get overly involved, loses all objectivity and becomes like the subjects |
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Term
| normalize social research |
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Definition
| field research techniques to make subjects feel more comfortable with research process and researchers presence |
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Term
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Definition
| develop in the field, with small tokens or favours excluding deference and respect are exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| field research technique in which researchers maintain relations in a field site by 'pretending' to be interested in activities of subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| what a researcher inconspicuously writes in the field site on whatever is convenient in order to 'jog the memory' later |
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Term
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Definition
| notes taken during field research to include all details of what observed/heard on a field site |
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Term
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Definition
| the written notes a qualitative researcher takes during data collection and afterwards to develop ideas/concepts/themes/generalization |
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Term
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Definition
one aspect of trustworthiness
- how much truth results have |
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Term
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Definition
a way of establishing the trustworthiness of a criterion
- members are consulted about interpretations and conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| when a researcher remains int he field long enough to make informed conclusions, exposed to variety of settings and develop rapport |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of establishing the trustworthiness of criterion by closely examining the cases that deviate from the dominant pattern |
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Term
| participatory action research |
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Definition
| a research method that removes the researcher from the centre of power and involves the community members in the project |
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Term
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Definition
| the component of establishing, trustworthiness in qualitative research that is concerned with how generalizable findings are |
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Term
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Definition
| used to evaluate transferability of a qualitative study through researchers detailed notes |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of establishing trustworthiness of qualitative data in which data are assessed by how likely it would be attained in a repeat of a study |
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Term
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Definition
| technique for establishing dependability and confirmability wherein researchers outside of study examine data to see if they would reach the same conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative set of criteria to assess the reliability and validity |
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Term
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Definition
| component of establishing trustworthiness that relates to the extent to which findings are value-free |
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Term
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Definition
| technique for establishing trustworthiness criterion of confirmability by collection detailed and transparent qualitative data |
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Term
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Definition
| technique for establishing confirmability where the researcher is self-aware of their influence and potential bias |
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Term
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Definition
| in field research when a researcher learns of illegal immoral or unethical actions in a field site that is not widely known |
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Term
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Definition
| research that employs any type of data analysis method but is concerned with comparing two or more units, such as countries or cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative data or quantitative data used in historical research. It is evidence about past social life or events that was created and used by the persons who actually lived in the historical period |
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Term
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Definition
| qualitative data and quantitative data used in historical research. Info about events or settins is documented or written later by historians or other who did not directly participate in the events or settings |
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Term
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Definition
| a special types of existing statistics research used in historical reserach because the files, records or documents are maintained in a relatively consistent manner over a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the words or writings of people about their life experiences after some time has passed. The writings are based on a memory of the past, but may be stimulated by review of past objects, photos, personal notes or belongings |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of recollection in which a researcher interviews a person about the events, beliefs or feelings in the past that were directly experienced |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of writing about a historical setting in which the writing attempts to "tell a story" by following chronological order ,describing particular people and events and focusing on many colourful details |
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Term
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Definition
| in historical research, a way to check the authenticity of primary sources by accurately locating the place and item of its creation |
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Term
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Definition
| how historical researchers establish the authenticity and credibility of primary sources and determine their accuracy as an account of what occurred |
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Term
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Definition
| the issue of making comparisons across divergent contexts or whether a researcher living in a specific time period and culture, correctly reads, understands or conceptualizes data about people from a different historical era or culture |
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Term
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Definition
| finding equivalent words or phrases to express the identical meaning in different languages or in the translation from one language to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in comparative research for checking lexicon equivalence. A researcher translates spoken or written text from an original language, then the same text in the second language is independently translated back into the original language, and the two original language texts are compared |
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Term
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Definition
| the issue in historical-comparative research of whether social roles, norms or situations across different cultures or historical periods are equivalent or can be compared |
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Term
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Definition
| in historical-comparative research, the issue of whether the same ideas or concepts occur or can be used to represent phenomena across divergent cultural or historical settings |
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Term
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Definition
| in historical-comparative research, creating or locating measures that will accurately represent the same construct or variable in divergent cultural or historical settings |
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Term
| qualitative content analysis |
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Definition
| an approach to analyzing text which involves the coding of themes, their patterns and linkages |
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Term
| summative content analysis |
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Definition
| a qualitative type of content analysis that uses both manifest and latent codes, and is most closely related to quantitative content analysis |
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Term
| conventional content analysis |
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Definition
| qualitative approach to content analysis in which the researcher develops themes during the coding process |
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Term
| directed content analysis |
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Definition
| a type of qualitative content analysis that begins with predetermined codes derived from theory |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of qualitative analysis of text that focuses on how knowledge and meaning are created through the use of language |
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Term
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Definition
| a first coding of qualitative data in which a researcher examines the data to condense them into preliminary analytical categories or codes for analyzing the data |
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Term
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Definition
| a second coding of qualitative data after open coding. The researcher organizes the codes, develops links among them and discovers key analytical categories |
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Term
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Definition
| a last pass at coding qualitative data in which a researcher examines previous codes to identify a core theme around which the remaining codes will fit |
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Term
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Definition
| a visual illustration of the relationship among themes that emerge from qualitative data |
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Term
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Definition
| a statement that two objects, processes or events are similar to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of qualitative data analysis in which the researcher repeatedly moves back and forth between the empirical data and the abstract concepts, theories and models |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of qualitative data analysis in which a researcher takes the concepts of a social theory or explanation and treats them as empty boxes to be filled with empirical examples and descriptions |
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Term
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Definition
| a name for conceptual categories in an explanation that a researcher uses as part of the illustrative method of qualitative data analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| a general term that refers to mixed methods research |
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Term
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Definition
| in general, simply refers to when more than one research method is used to address a research question. Also often refers specifically to when qualitative and quantitative methods are used together in a single project |
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Term
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Definition
| a research design using a single research method. The opposite of mixed methods design |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach of using more than one quantitative method or more than one qualitative method in a single research project |
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Term
| institutional ethnography |
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Definition
| a specific methodological approach where, from a Marxist perspective, the discourse of key texts is analyzed along with ethnographic techniques to examine how relatively powerless people are :structured" by organized |
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Term
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Definition
| in mixed methods research refers to when a researcher has a preference for a quantitative or qualitative method to be considered the primary technique with other methods used as supplementary |
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Term
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Definition
| in mixed methods research refers to the order for different parts of a mixed methods project are collected in stages |
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Term
| sequential data collection |
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Definition
| refers to when data for different parts of a mixed methods project are collected in stages (not at the same time) |
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Term
| concurrent data collection |
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Definition
| in mixed methods research refers to when qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to when first part of a mixed methods project is analyzed prior to the next stage or a mixed methods study |
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Term
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Definition
| in mixed methods research, refers to when qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the sampling decisions that must be made at the qualitative and quantitative portions of a mixed methods study |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to when the results of quantitative findings are given priority in mixed methods research, particularly when contradictory findings are discovered between the qualitative and quantitative portions of the study |
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