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1. First CJ: Newspapers – copyright laws, exchange of ideas
2. “If you have an apple and I have an apple and we exchange apples then you and I will each have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas.” |
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. Second CJ: Telegraph – natural monopoly; 30 bills to nationalize
- o Company owning the Telegraph lines, was monopolized because the lines ran through their train tracks. |
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| 1. Western Union – didn’t go to poor neighborhoods/rural areas because there was a lack of profit in those regions |
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1. “Liberty and the News” – damning critique of news as propaganda; system total failure
advocate of professional journalism |
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| Invented the improved wireless telegraph reciever |
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| Carnegie Commission/Report |
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1. Public broadcasting/media - educational TV
2. 1967: Public TV |
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1. Supreme Court Justice
2. “We can have democracy in this country, or we can have great wealth concentrated in the hands of a few, but we can't have both.” |
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1. AP v. US (1945)
o (Hugo Black) Antitrust should be applied to news because extremely important to have diversity in news media, variety of free press
1. Decision to go to war
- The Madison – Hugo Black imperative |
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1. Named “Ad Men of the Year” by Printer’s Ink (1933)
2. Goebbels: Nazi Minister of Propaganda – in charge of all German media
a. More media you consume, the less you know, and the more you support the Nazis
b. Emphasis on trivial and light entertainment, not politics
c. Gives illusion of diversity, but same message underneath |
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1. Partisan Journalism: Alien and Sedition Acts – Adams yes v. Jefferson no
2. Jefferson hated the press
a. "I deplore... the putrid state into which our newspapers have passed and the malignity, the vulgarity, and mendacious spirit of those who write for them."
b. "From forty years' experience of the wretched guess-work of the newspapers of what is not done in open daylight, and of their falsehood even as to that, I rarely think them worth reading, and almost never worth notice."
c. "The man who never looks into a newspaper is better informed than he who reads them, inasmuch as he who knows nothing is nearer to truth than he whose mind is filled with falsehoods and errors."
d. Kept papers opposing him on top of pile on his desk at White House, because he was proud of the fact that papers can publish negative things |
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. High point for participatory democracy (in Northern States)
2. Decline of partisan press system and emergence of commercial system |
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1. CJ 3: Journalism - critic
o Golden Age of Press Criticism: Great Upton Sinclair – commercial control of journalism as total failure |
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| o Professional Journalism Era - separated himself and family completely from all people in power- different schools for his children - didn’t attend places they did ect. |
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. CJ 3: Turkish-American writer/scholar
2. The New Media Monopoly (consolidated ownership)
3. Helped break Pentagon Papers in 1970s
4. 3 biases of professional journalism |
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| Ben Bagdikian 3 bias of professional journalism |
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Professional journalism takes away responsibility for story choices, is less expensive, relies on official sources, and gives those in power control over the range of debate.
There is a fear of context. Professional journalism wanted to avoid the controversy that comes when partisan papers put things in context, so they use news pegs, but stories fall in the cracks.
- “Dig here, not there.” Journalist internalize the idea that corporate screw ups are not of interest, and people rise to the top of journalism when they follow these values and doesn’t question them. |
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o Classic blatant use: Nayirah in first Gulf War
Kuwait hires Hill & Knowlton to deliver a war |
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. Story they wrote, lesson learned not about strike, but that it took them to bring how organizational sociology works to US attention
a. Dig here, not there (they know what not to cover) |
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1. Did study on media ecology of Baltimore
a. Found evidence of decline quality and quantity of media |
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| Delay, Abramoff, Cunningham |
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1. Elected officials who were kicked out of office
a. If the media did not cover stories/scandals, these people wouldn’t be caught |
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| Flint, MI & Pittstown, VA |
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| 1. Currently head of Fox News; could make a lot of $ by having less reporters and doing things like interviews and debate; fill with opinion rather than research |
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| ? covered something about the steal industry |
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| • Model: charitable mission 1st, profit 2nd |
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| 1. First guy to come up with idea of reality TV |
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