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| Mark Andreeson created web browser and sold it to AOL? |
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| The Photoplay: A psychological study(1916) |
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| Movies are more powerful than literature, music or other art forms. Movies particularly dangerous for the American woman. But he also argues that the emotional power of the movies holds the potential for regenerating Victorian values. By visual manipulation of the environment, movies can teach powerful moral lessons; for this reason, he argues, “the best people” must control film content in America. |
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Founded in 1846
Six New York City Newspapers combine to share telegraph expenses.
Develops an affiliate network around the U.S; Leads to standardization of news stories
Becomes enormously powerful by 2nd half of 19th century (America’s most important news source) |
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| United States vs. Zenith Radio Corporation |
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| Commerce Department Licensing ruled Illegal (the “Zenith” Case): Radio Chaos ensues. |
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| Volney B. Palmer-(1799-1864) |
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| opens an agency for newspaper publishers in Philadelphia (1841). He has the authority to contract with advertisers for space in newspapers around the United States. |
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| Series of articles published in London during the 1720s that inspired the American revolution. |
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| International research and exchange… They are government contractors to try to get the first amendment in countries who don’t have it. |
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| ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) |
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| Naming convention. People who design domain names, gives you your URL number. |
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| The Owner of Philadelphia Public Ledger |
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Freud’s nephew... developed modern Public Relations. Author of Propaganda (1928)
Publishes Crystallizing Public Opinion (considered first study of Public Relations Techniques) (Publishes Propaganda in 1928)"The three main elements of public relations are practically as old as society: informing people, persuading people, or integrating people with people. Of course, the means and methods of accomplishing these ends have changed as society has changed." |
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| The Third Person Effect In Communication |
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| we tend to overestimate the effect of persuasive communication of others. And we under estimate our selves. Too dangerous for your to see but not dangerous for me to see. Worried about censoring stuff for the third person. |
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| FCC Chairmen Newton Minow |
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| Called TV a vast wasteland. Attacked TV for being too commercial. |
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| Mutual Film Corporation Vs. Industrial Commission of Ohio |
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| Movies are a business... for entertainment purposes, and they have a special power: censorship boards are legal. |
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| Series of seven articles, publication beginning August 25, 1835. A South African astronomer, “by means of an immense telescope of an entirely new principle” views bison-like animals cavorting on the moon. |
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| Movies. Series of study. Wanted to study how movies affected children. Proved that kids imitate stuff on TV. |
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| The Pacific Telegraph ACT of 1860 |
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| (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party, a reformer, and a politician. New York Tribune |
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| Creator of the World Wide Web |
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| Frank H? Very carefully controlled indoctrination experiments conducted by Army Psychologists on recruits – measuring effects of films on knowledge, attitude, and emotion |
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| United Independent Broadcasters |
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| 1927: United Independent Broadcasters establish a new radio “chain”: the Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting System. Will become CBS in 1929. |
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| Books, By Walter Lipmann. The phantom public are the people that manipulate. Warning of PR. The government can manipulate you and will manipulate you. |
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| -Lazarsfeld Program Analyzer-Machine that CBS used to test programs in real time. Audience evaluating machine. Hand held device, used when watching a sitcom to choose whether you liked the sitcom or not. Series of ways of analyzing the audience. |
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| Created the production The Wars of The Worlds… |
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| The Production Code Administration |
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| 1934: The Production Code Administration, under Joseph Breen. Full censorship regime agreed to by motion picture companies [industrial self-regulation]. |
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| Consumers Union: Formed in 1936, publisher of Consumer Reports |
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He was a “Democratic Realist”
1.Public Opinion (1922)
2.The Phantom Public (1927) |
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| (applied psychologist) Started the Office of Radio Research |
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| Hitlers chief propaganda adviser. |
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| Rowell’s American Newspaper Directory |
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| advertiser in Chicago... could advertised everywhere and could know exactly how much it cost and other information... |
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| A new form of theater. In New York City it costs $2,500@ week to run a theater, but only $500@week to run a nickelodeon. |
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| 1877 – First Registered Trademark for a breakfast cereal. |
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| New Freedoms: The “Glorious Revolution” (1688)"(need info) |
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| Really invented a triode that lee deforest stole to make the audion. The first person to send out music and voice on an electric wave. 1905, played violin on Christmas Eve through his invention. |
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| Printers arrested, newspapers shut down. [Most famous: Philadelphia Aurora, printed by Ben Franklin’s grandson] |
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(November 9, 1802 – November 7, 1837) was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views.
He had a deeply religious upbringing, as his father was a Congregational minister and his mother a devout Christian. He attended Waterville College (now Colby College) in his home state of Maine, and graduated at the top of his class, with first class honors. |
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Grossed over $13 million; more than any other film until 1934.
First film screened at the White House. (President Wilson first Southern Democratic president since the Civil War) |
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| Two step flow model of mass communication |
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Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz, Personal Influences (1955)
The power of “Word of Mouth” or Personal Influence |
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| Whole Electric Link? For runner of the World Wide Web. Based in San Francisco. Discussion group, called the Whole Electric, by whole earth catalogue. Early |
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| is a principle proposed for user access networks participating in the Internet that advocates no restrictions on content, sites, or platforms, on the kinds of equipment that may be attached, and on the modes of communication allowed, as well as communication that is not unreasonably degraded by other traffic |
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| David Sarnoff Radio Music Box memo 1916 |
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| Will Hays and The Hays Office |
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| The Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) is founded to combat criticism; Will Hays is former head of Republican Party. |
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| ?“Do you know that we are playing to the world? What we film tomorrow will strike the hearts of the world. And they will know what we are saying. We’ve gone beyond Babel, beyond words. We’ve found a universal language – a power that can make men brothers and end wars forever. Remember that, remember that when you go before the camera.” David Wark Griffith, 1914. |
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Reasons to have it in CA?
California Sunshine: Easy filmmaking
Cooperative municipal governments: few labor problems
Lower production costs.
No social hierarchy issues with immigrant (Jewish) entrepreneurs.
Glamour: the invention of a celebrity culture |
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| 1. W.K.L. Dickson, Inventor of the Kinetoscope 2... |
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| (1931)- ruled that even if the person Is a danger to society it’s worth letting them published... (read more) |
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A Product of the Cold War: Advanced Research Projects Agency produces: ARPANET
... |
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| Started by Allen Dumont. Focused on making the best television. Could care less about what was on tv. Didn’t have any popular shows. One point the Dumont was a very important network. |
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| Radio Corporation of America |
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| Created in 1912...was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. |
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| 1979: Two Duke University students invent a program allowing two UNIX-operated computers to communicate with each other. Rudimentary e-mail, and allows users to update the same shared information. [USENET] |
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| The Hypodermic Model of Media Effects- |
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| everyone will receive the same effect... if kids had violent models around them they will act out violently... |
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| E.H. Armstrong & Frequency Modulation (FM)- |
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Patented FM radio in 1933
AM vs. FM: “Radio without Static”
RCA vs. Armstrong
1945 FCC Allocation Decision: FM Moved from 42-49MHz to 88-109MHz. All of Armstrong’s early FM radios are rendered useless.
Armstrong’s Yankee Network (FM) |
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1.The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962)
2.German Philosopher: What is a “public” and how is it formed? |
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| An arena of political, cultural, and social criticism (defined by rational, critical discourse) that is independent of both the control of the state and purely mercantile/commercial interests. |
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| America’s number one film censurer. |
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| 1734-1735: John Peter Zenger |
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| printer of the New-York Weekly Journal arrested and put on trial for seditious libel. Acquitted by a jury. |
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The Committee on Public Information.
Progressive Investigative Journalist (Muckraker)
Founding Editor, The Kansas City Independent
Editor, The Rocky Mountain News
Close Friend of Woodrow Wilson
Author of How We Advertised America (1920) |
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| Read all the papers every day, to find a new slogan, or a new phraseology, or a new idea to replace something you have in your speech. |
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| first televised news broadcast. Made by camel cigarettes. The employees were paid by camel. In the middle of the show the news anchor would pitch about camel cigarettes. Shows how news was dominated by the advertisement. |
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| The Murder of Helen Jewett- |
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| credited with being the first real mass media moment. Because the newspapers kept publishing every information...Huge sensation. Some say that’s where the mass media began in journalism. Modern reporting comes out of it. |
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| Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)- |
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| 1955 court case...movie portrayed the virgin birth in a sacrilegious way. Censorship of movies was not constitutional. In 1915 the supreme court says that you can censor films. Censorship is legal in movies 1950.. 1955 it repealed everything...reason being said movies are about ideas. |
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-Utah farm boy and college drop-out, conceives of first all-electronic television system while plowing a field in 1914.
-1927-1928 demonstrates system for the first time
-1930: Zwyorkin visits Farnsworth’s lab in California – begins patent fight with RCA
-1935: Farnsworth wins patent fight. |
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Chairmen of CBS.
“Advertising may not be the best method, but no one has evolved a better one, or indeed any alternative which does not entail either government control or indirect but effective government influence on what goes on the air.” |
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| Reaches midwest. A way to connect from NY to San Francisco...created television networks. |
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| Covered JFK assassination and Vietnam War |
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| Ultra High Frequency- refers to channels 14 and up? |
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| It is primarily about “reducing risk in a purchasing situation” – only secondarily about“identity” or “community” |
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| Popular tv series...Isaac and Ishmael...To educate people about 9/11 using a popular show. |
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| The Berkman Center for the Internet and Society- |
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| people that go on the internet to find out who censor the internet and why. Do their studies every two years. ex. Pointed out China Censorship. |
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| Audience Commodity Theory |
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by Dallas Smythe
1. The Mass Media Audience is a commodity:
“Because audience power is produced, sold, purchased and consumed, it commands a price and is a commodity. Like other ‘labor power’ it involves ‘work.’”
2. Audiences “work” for advertisers.
“The answer to the question, what is the principal product of the commercial mass media in monopoly capitalism was simple: audience power. This is the concrete product which is used to accomplish the economic and political tasks which are the reason for the existence of the commercial mass media.” |
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| The Lumiere Brothers & the Cinematographe |
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Extensive use of the telegraph in 1840s: Bennett was one of the founders of the Associated Press
Reputation for accuracy
Huge investment in newsgathering. Estimated expenditures of $500,000 covering the Civil War.
Began newspaper with $500 investment in 1835; when he retired in 1867 the paper was producing revenue of $750,000 a year |
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| The New York Herald (James Gordon Bennett) |
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Established in May, 1835
1836: Raises price to 2 cents
First newspaper to report murders, hire local reporters and permanent foreign correspondents
Independent: critical of all political parties
Independent: not beholden to audience/readership beyond aggregate circulation number. |
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1832: Invents a telegraph (“distant writer”) that sends dots and dashes through a telegraph line.
1838: Demonstrates the Telegraph to the Commerce Committee of the House of Representatives. They vote to fund more experimentation; but full House rejects the appropriation.
1842: House Authorizes $30,000 to build line between Washington, DC and Baltimore. Senate agrees in 1843. Line is completed in 1844.
1844: Morse offers to sell all his patents to the US Government. US Government rejects the offer. Why? 1. Democrats defeat Whigs in election of 1844. 2. Telegraph lost money.
1850: 12,000 miles of telegraph lines in USA. Next closest: 2,200 in England.
1851: Over 50 companies in US in telegraph business.
1853: 23,000 miles. Too many companies: service is erratic and profits are minimal. |
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| The Pacific Telegraph Act 1860 |
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1.Rivalry with American Telegraph: The Civil War (1861-1865) insures monopoly
2.Controls the News: Civil War News and the Censorship of the Associated Press |
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| 1913-1914: Ludlow (Colorado) strike & massacre reveals importance of Public Relations |
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| The publicity bureau of Boston |
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| 1900: Publicity Bureau of Boston established: 1st Public Relations Firm – 3 Former Newsmen (“Press Agents”) |
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| 1904: Ivy Ledbetter Lee: Public Relations Counselor [Chief Client: John D. Rockefeller. Chief adversary: Ida Tarbell] |
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| A leak... studies that were brought to the front page of the New York Times |
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| 1942-1945; owned by the National Broadcasting Company, and is the direct predecessor of the American Broadcasting Company. |
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| Vance Pakard: The Hidden Persuaders |
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| American journalist, social critic, and author:In The Hidden Persuaders, first published in 1957, Packard explores the use of consumer motivational research and other psychological techniques, including depth psychology and subliminal tactics, by advertisers to manipulate expectations and induce desire for products, particularly in the American postwar era. I |
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| "see it now" and "person to person" |
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| Edward R. Murrow. was a popular television program in the United States that ran from 1953 to 1961. |
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| Was the largest fair of all time; 1216 acres of flushing meadows-corona park |
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| was a popular musical variety radio show, first heard in 1923, featuring a banjo orchestra directed by Harry Reser. |
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| was a television system that used mechanical or electromechanical devices to capture and display images |
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| The Invasion From Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic (1940) |
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| Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company, Ltd. |
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| Banjamin Franklin Bache and the Aurora |
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| Benjamin Day and the New York Sun |
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| 1810–1889) was a U.S. illustrator and printer. He published the original New York Sun, the first penny press newspaper. He is credited with stretching the truth that came to be known as Sensationalism. |
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| The Philadelphia Public Ledger |
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| Publick Occurences Both Foreign and Domestick |
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| Secretary of War Edwin Stanton- |
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| put the most information at top. The way he censored and rewrote articles. Started the inverted pyramid concept. |
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| John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (1927) |
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| s a book by John Dewey, an American philosopher, written in 1927. In this work, Dewey touches upon major political philosophy questions that have continued into the twenty-first century, specifically: can democracy work in the modern era? Is there such a thing as a "public" of democratic citizens, or is the public a phantom, as journalist Walter Lippmann argued in his 1927 book The Phantom Public (to which The Public and its Problems was written in response). |
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| Committee on Public Information |
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| also known as the CPI and the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States intended to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American intervention in World War I. |
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| as a tax imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies carry a tax stamp.[1] These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies |
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| The Federal Radio Act of 1927 |
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| stations licensed to broadcast in the public interest or convenience or neccessity |
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| directed and photographed by Edwin S. Porter - a former Thomas Edison cameraman. It was a primitive one-reeler action picture, about 10 minutes long, with 14-scenes, filmed in November 1903 - not in the western expanse of Wyoming but on the East Coast in various locales in New Jersey (at Edison's New York studio, at Essex County Park in New Jersey, and along the Lackawanna railroad). |
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