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| a new form of theater, New York City it costs $2,500 @ week to run a theater, but only $500 @ week to run one |
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| Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915) |
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| New York City it costs $2,500 @ week to run a theater, but only $500@week to run a nickelodeon. |
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| created 1919 , the WJZ network, owned by the radio group, Westinghhouse and GE |
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| November 2, 1920: Pittsburgh (Westinghouse) broadcasts the election results. |
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-Owned by AT&T. Introduces “Toll Broadcasting” and commercials to the airwaves.
-was a success, Hawthorne Court sold out three weeks later |
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-"the foremost instrument of reason, because people [can] actually see empirical truth.” ---WKL Dickinson (inventor)
-Edison and Dickinson wanted it to be used for educational purposes and social uplift. It will assist business. Victorian values; no thought of “public amusement.”
-Edison failed t take out the proper patents, cameras quickly spring up in France and other places |
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| inventor of the Kinetoscope |
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-California Sunshine: Easy filmmaking
-Cooperative municipal governments: few labor problems
-Lower production costs.
-No social hierarchy issues with immigrant (Jewish) entrepreneurs.
-Glamour: the invention of a celebrity culture
*Movies become an important part of American life: Even in the depths of the Depression, weekly attendance is between 60 and 75 million Americans.
More movie theaters in the USA in 1932 than in the rest of the world combined. |
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-added meaning to fungible or parity products
-product name gave it identity
-identification with the meaning attached to the product |
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| Volney Palmer (1799-1864) |
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| opens an agency for newspaper publishers in Philadelphia (1841). He has the authority to contract with advertisers for space in newspapers around the United States. |
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| put the program on an NBC hookup for the toothpaste, and the company’s sales tripled within weeks. But Amos ‘n’ Andy was not the sole reason. Pepsodent contained a detergent, sodium alkyl sulphate. Lasker decided to make it a mystery ingredient of fabulous power, and told his staff to invent a name having three vowels and two consonants; he gave no other instructions. They came up with Irium. From then on it was Amos ‘n’ Andy and Irium. “I invented ‘Irium,’” Lasker chuckled…. Irium was backed by hard selling commercials. NBC was still proclaiming that its policies called for ‘indirect advertising’ only, but Lasker went on as he wished. For a time almost half of NBC’s business was coming from Lasker.” |
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-made the "bacon and eggs" breakfast popular
-a great PR person
-publishes Crystallizing Public Opinion (considered first study of Public Relations Techniques) (Publishes Propaganda in 1928)
-Freud's nephew |
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-Public Relations Counselor
-client of John Rockefeller |
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-A “Democratic Realist”
Public Opinion (1922)
The Phantom Public (1927)
-elites must directly address the governing aspirations of the mass in order to insure progress
The key issue in American politics: Elites must directly address the governing aspirations of the mass, in order to insure progress. |
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NBC ran two networks, identified by "Red" and "Blue" lines on the AT&T diagrams
-sold Blue to form basis of ABC network
-The Red Network began operations November 15, 1926. (From AT&T)
-The Blue Network began operations January, 1927. (From RCA) |
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| the hobby of tuning in and identifying distant radio or television signals, or making two way radio contact with distant stations in amateur radio, citizens' band radio or other two way radio communications hobbies. Many DXers also attempt to receive written verifications of reception (sometimes referred to as "QSLs" or "veries") from the stations heard. The name of the hobby comes from DX, telegraphic shorthand for "distance" or "distant". |
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| William Fox and Adolph Zukor |
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-Nickelodeon owners
-Fox led a group of Nickelodeon owners who recieved a court injunction to keep Nickelodeons open on Sundays |
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| an electronic amplifier device invented by Lee De Forest in 1906. It was the forerunner of the triode, in which the current from the filament to the plate was controlled by a third element, the grid. A small amount of power applied to the grid could control a larger current from the filament to the plate, allowing the Audion to both detect radio signals (that is, make them audible) and to provide amplification. |
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a film camera, which also serves as a film projector and developer. It was invented in the 1890s.
There is much dispute as to the identity of its inventor. Some argue that the device was first invented and patented as "Cinématographe Léon Bouly" by French inventor Léon Bouly in February 12, 1892. It is said that, due to a lack of fee, Bouly was not able to pay the rent for his patent the following year, and Auguste and Louis Lumière's engineers bought the license.
Popular thought, however, dictates that Louis Lumière was the first to conceptualise the idea, and both Lumière brothers shared the patent |
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| inventors of the Cinematographe |
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| Federal Radio Act of 1927 |
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-Congress passed it to bring order to the chaos of radio broadcasting. In the process, Congressional representatives had to deal with several free speech issues, which were resolved in favor of the Progressive concepts of public interest, thereby limiting free speech.
-authorized 5 member commission to divide up the spectrum among different classes of stations and to select which applicants would receive licenses to run their stations (public ownership of airwaves) |
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| Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks |
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-key players in the early Hollywood days when sex and anti-gov't were popular topics of movies
-Pickford was "America's sweetheart" who divorced and then remarried Fairbanks |
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| a situation comedy based on stock sketch comedy characters but set in the African-American community, and popular in the United States from the 1920s through the 1950s. The show began as one of the first radio comedy serials, written and voiced by Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll and originating from station WMAQ in Chicago, Illinois. After the series was first broadcast in 1928, it grew in popularity and became a huge influence on the radio serials that followed. The program ran on radio as a nightly serial from 1928 until 1943, as a weekly situation comedy from 1943 until 1955, and as a nightly disc-jockey program from 1954 until 1960. A television adaptation ran on CBS-TV from 1951 until 1953, and continued in syndicated reruns from 1954 until 1966.[1] |
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-Moves from 42-29MHz to 88-109MHz
-all of Armstrong's early FM radios are rendered useless
-invented by Armstrong |
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| Secretary of State Herbert Hoover |
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| -key figure in framing American policies toward broadcasting during the mediums constitutive phase |
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-1877 first registered trademark for breakfast ceral
-Quaker represented a happy, healthy, trustworthy image
-important that the Quaker appeared trustworthy because it was in the same time of pre-boxed outs vs. scooped oats |
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| was a government body that regulated radio use in the United States from its creation in 1926 until its replacement by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1934. The Commission was created to regulate radio use "as the public convenience, interest, or necessity requires |
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| The All American Breakfast |
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-bacon and eggs
-made famous by Bernays
-started when they wanted to sell more bacon |
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| Will Hays and the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America |
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-founded to combat criticism
-Hays was a former head of Republican Party |
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| The Motion Picture Production Code Adm. |
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-under Joseph Breen
-full cencorship regime agreed to by motion picture companies (industrial self-regulation) |
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-vice president of the RCA
-proposed to GE the establishment of a high-quality, nationwide broadcasting organization to be called the "Public Service Broadcasting Co."
-urged that the RCA, GE, Westinghouse and their licenses agree to pay over 2 percent of gross radio sales to finance the service |
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| British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC) |
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| sually referred to by its abbreviation as the "BBC"[1], is the longest established and largest broadcaster in the world.[2] The BBC is funded by an annual television licence fee, which is charged to all United Kingdom households using equipment capable of recording and/or receiving live television broadcasts |
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-newspaper ad campaign run throughout the country in 1928
-during the time of the Suffarage Movement
-public opinion didn't let women smoke in public
-cigarettes represented "torches of freedom" |
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| Crystallizing Public Opinion |
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-considered the first study of public relations techniques
-by Bernays |
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-was the radio inventor
-in 1933 he patented a new system for radio called frequency modulation (FM) |
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| Committee on Public Information |
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| -purpose was to influence American public opinion towards supporting US intervention in WWI via propoganda |
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-was an American showman, businessman, and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the circus that became the RIngling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
-was the first "show business" millionaire |
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-first advertising agency in the US
-founded in Philadelphia PA in 1869 |
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-one of the most famous names in advertising history
-was the first advertising agency |
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| -wrote The Hidden Persuaders that examined subliminal messaging in advertisment, manipulating expectation and inducing desire for products and questioning the morality of said techniques |
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| Publicity Bureau of Boston |
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-first press agency
-advised clients to pay attention to internal "human relations"
-came to national prominence in 1906 when it was hired by railroads to help them oppose government regulation |
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-first medical compound of questionable effectiveness sold under a variety of names
-promotion was one of the first major products highlighted by the advertising agency |
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-the introduction of when one sponsor is associated with a TV show
e.g. Colgate Comedy Hour |
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| Magazine Concept of TV Advertising |
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Under this arrangement, advertisers -purchased discrete segments of shows (typically one- or two-minute blocks) rather than entire programs
-different than the Single-Sponsor Era because it was a bunch of different ads in one program, vs just one sponsor |
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| United Independent Broadcasters |
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| group that started a network against NBC, later becomes CBS, second broadcasting network in American history |
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