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| (Basic Input/Output System) Programs: POST Routine, Setup program, BIOS programs, BOOT intstructions |
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| GUI that is a part of the collection of BIOS programs. Allows user to make minor changes to the BIOS: Boot order, System clock, quick post |
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| POST, BIOS & CMOS are copied to system RAM, Bootstrap loader looks for the boot sector and loads operating system |
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| What are the 2 main types of RAM? |
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| What are the characteristics of RAM |
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| Volatility, Refresh, Access Speed, and Packaging (Form Factor) |
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| Smaller the CAS number, the better |
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| Packaging types (for RAM) |
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| DIMM, RIMM, and SO RIMM (Small Outline DIMM) |
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| (Error Correction Code) - 64 bits w/ 7 bits extra for correcting (ECC RAM costs 10-20% more) |
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| Buffered memory, cannot mix with unregistered type, Dual CPU may require registered memory (costs more) |
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| (Static RAM) - Cache, NO refresh signal, Bulky/Expensive (made up of two NOT gates) |
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| (Dynamic RAM) - Cost Efficient, requires refresh signal, uses one capacitor and one transistor to hold a bit of data (265kbs of RAM = 2 million transistors/capacitor pairs total) |
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| Level detector measures capacitor charge, if more than 1/2 full, it is charged |
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Synchronus Dynamic RAM
PC100 = 100MHz
PC133 = 133MHz |
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(Double Data Rate RAM) - 184 pin DIMM package with one notch, 64 bit channel (twice as much info)
200MHz = PC1600, 266MHz = PC2100, 333MHz = PC2700, 400MHz = PC3200 |
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| Set standards for DDR speeds. Over clocked memory is not supported by JEDEC or most chipsets |
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| Chipset MUST be dual channel, uses identical pairs of memory, uses 2 RAM sticks to move 128 bits at once |
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| Addresses limitations of DDR memory, increase speeds 20-50% (240 pins) |
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| (Rambus Dynamic RAM) - Requires less bus width (184 pin RIMM) |
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| Read Only Memory - Non volatile, Expensive |
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A place where teenagers come to dance drunk all night...jk (i know, i need new material)
(Programmable ROM) - Difficult to change, slower than RAM (EPROM = Erasable PROM) |
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| (Electronically Erasable PROM) - used in modern BIOS chips, Flash memory |
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| Old technologies for storage devices |
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| Punch cards, punch tape, magnetic tape |
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| Magnetic Storage (Cassettes, Floppy) & Optical Drives (CD) |
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| The _____ the physical drive and the _____ the capacity, the more the cost. |
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| Smaller (drive), Larger (capacity) |
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1st - Non magnetic platter (floppy = mylar, hard disk = metal, ceramic, glass)
2nd - coated with a thin layer of magnetic domains |
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| Two characteristics of magnetic surface |
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| Coercivity and retentivity |
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| Where you store the info (usually double sided)[image] |
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| one sector = 512 bytes of space, smallest unit of storage space on a disk, grouped into clusters[image] |
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| The smallest unit of diskspace that the OS can allocate to a file, 2 or more sectors |
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| Performed at the factory, creates tracks and sectors, maps bad spots on platters |
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| Now done during the OS install, creates boot record, file system, and the root directory |
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| Road map to the disk (Names: FAT(Windows), NTFS(Windows NT), HFS(Linux & Mac) |
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| 2 TB Maximum partition, Windows 3x, 9x, and ME |
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Windows 4.0, 2000, XP
16 exabytes, increased file security |
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| Divides the physical hard disk into logical sections. The Order = Partition, Format, Load OS (reinstall) |
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Typically 7200 rpm, ATA
versions: ATA 100, ATA 133 (Mb) |
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| Acronyms for ATA transfer rates |
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| ATA, UDMA, DMA, IDE, EIDE, PATA |
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| (Serial ATA) - 7,200 & 10,000 rpm drives, 150 or 300Mbs, cables can extend up to one meter |
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| High Speed Parallel data transfers, 10,000 to 15,000 rpm drives, high cost, more effort to configure |
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| Allows for several drives to act as one hard drive |
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| The fastest and most efficient array, no fault tolerance |
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| Complete redundancy, fault tolerant |
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| Uses error correction code |
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| Combinations of Raid 2,1, and 0 |
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-Factory CD's use lands and pits to read bonary information as 0's and 1's based on how the laser light reflects
-Computer CDR Drives use dye to replicate actual grooved surfaces |
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Digital Versatile/Video Disc Read Only Memory
4.7GB of storage per layer |
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| USB, IEEE 1394, from 60MB to 100MBs, usually not able to boot from these devices to install an OS |
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