Term
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Definition
| organized movement of molecules in the air |
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Term
| Which medium is most elastic between solids, liquids, and gases? Why? |
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Definition
| Solids are the most elastic; the tighter together the molecules are, the more that they move & the more movement they have, the more sound there will be |
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Term
| What is the source of sound waves? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the source of all sound waves |
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Term
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Definition
| the point of maximum displacement [also called condensation] |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal of compression; maximum displacement below the rest point |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the mass moves from rest to a point of maximum amplitude and rarefaction |
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Term
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Definition
| physical property; the number of completed cycles that occur in one second |
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Term
| Explain the difference between frequency and pitch |
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Definition
| Frequency; physical property & requires precision device for measurement Pitch; perception |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| A pure tone or sine wave contains how many frequencies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define resonant or natural frequency |
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Definition
| the frequency that vibrates most easily [different for everyone, but everyone has] |
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Term
| How do pure tones and complex tones differ? |
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Definition
| Pure tones; only one frequency Complex tones; made up of many frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| integral multiple of the fundamental; aka multiples ex) if fundamental is 500 Hz then: 1000, 1500, 2000, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| base or lowest tone; lowest frequency sound in a group |
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Term
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Definition
| a doubling of frequency; aka doubling ex) if fundamental is 500 Hz then: 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, etc. |
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Term
| Define the difference between loudness and intensity |
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Definition
| Loudness; perception Intensity; physical property |
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Term
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Definition
| force distributed over a surface area |
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Term
| How do intensity and pressure relate to one another? |
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Definition
| they are proportionate to one another and therefore can be used interchangeably; intensity equals pressure squared I = P^2 |
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Term
| How is a reference level used in the calculation of pressure or intensity? |
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Definition
| compare some unknown quantity of sound to the reference levels and see how many times greater one is than the other |
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Term
| "In phase" waves begin at what number of degrees? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the range of human hearing in young children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What frequencies are important for understanding hearing speech? |
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Definition
| hearing is frequency dependent; certain frequencies take less energy than others; understanding speech range from 300-400 to 3000-4000 Hz |
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Term
| What intensities are important for understanding speech? |
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Definition
conversational speech occurs at 65-70 dBSPL
whisper occurs at 45-48 dBSPL |
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Term
| What specific questions are we attempting to answer when determining if there is hearing loss? |
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Definition
How severe it is?
Where in the auditory system does the problem come from? |
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Term
| How is hearing threshold defined? |
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Definition
| the lowest (minimum) level a person can hear 50% of the time |
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Term
| Describe the basic procedure for completing the pure-tone audiogram |
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Definition
measuring air conduction and bone conduction hearing; top line is the average hearing line, write symbols where the differing margin is in
RAC [right air conduction] O
LAC [left air conduction] X
RBC [right bone conduction] >
LBC [left bone conduction] < |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between air conduction and bone conduction in normals, conductives, sensorineurals and mixed losses |
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Definition
normal hearing: normal air and bone conduction
conductive loss: air conduction is abnormal, bone conduction is normal
sensorineural loss: both air and bone conduction are abnormal and equally so
mixed loss: air and bone conduction are abnormal but air is worse |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the SRT? |
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Definition
| to determine the threshold for speech |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the word recognition test? |
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Definition
| to measure our ability to understand monosyllables when presented at a comfortable level |
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Term
| Differentiate validity and reliability |
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Definition
validity: test measures what test is supposed to test
reliability: replicable & repeatable outcomes |
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Term
| How do we assure reliability in audiologic assessment |
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Definition
| by calibrating the equipment |
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Term
| What are the three subcomponents of immittance testing? |
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Definition
| tympanometry, static admittance, and acoustic reflexes |
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Term
| What does tympanometry measure? |
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Definition
measure of eardrum mobility under a variety of pressure conditions (positive and negative)
positive: adding/expanding
negative: removing/vacuum |
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Term
| What does static admittance tell us? |
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Definition
| if the eardrum allows energy to flow through the middle ear normally |
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Term
| What does measurement of the acoustic reflex tell us? |
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Definition
| measure of the intensity needed to evoke a contraction of the middle ear muscles |
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Term
| What diagnostic data can be determined from the procedures of measuring the acoustic reflex and static admittance? |
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Definition
tympanometry: under what pressure conditions the eardrum moves most easily
static admittance: the integrity of the eardrum and health of the middle ear
acoustic reflex: least amount of energy needed to get contraction of middle ear muscles |
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Term
| How are evoked potentials measured? |
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Definition
| by placing electrodes on the scalp while presenting sounds through earphones; data is recorded on a computer |
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Term
| What might abnormal responses on evoked potential tests indicate? |
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Definition
| tumors, abnormal developments, other diseases or learning problems |
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Term
| The OAE (otoacoustic emissions) can be elicited in two ways. Name them. |
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Definition
- spontaneous: echoes occur naturally
- evoked: echoes occur after stimulus |
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Term
| What is the clinical application for the OAE? |
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Definition
| for newborn infant screening programs, difficult individuals to test, such as developmentally delayed individuals |
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Term
| Define and differentiate rehabilitative and habilitative audiology. |
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Definition
rehabilitative: redeveloping/restoring existing functions
habilitative: development of function that has YET to materialize |
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Term
| What is the rationale for this topic? What is it about hearing loss that makes this function important? |
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Definition
| Cochlear hearing loss cannot be treated medically, and the hearing loss will be chronic; audiologist hope to amplify their hearing |
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Term
| Which individuals may help manage hearing loss aside from the audiologist? |
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Definition
| ENT doctor, psychologist, teacher, parent, teacher of the deaf, and vocational counselor |
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Term
| What are the major components of a hearing aid? What does each do? |
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Definition
microphone: picks up sound
amplifier: changes sound to increased electrical signal
receiver: changes energy from electrical to acoustic domain so the ear can use the information |
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Term
| What is the name of the formula used to manipulate sound through the hearing aid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main electroacoustic parameters of a hearing aid? |
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Definition
| gain, frequency response curve, and output limiting |
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Term
| What are implantable hearing devices? |
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Definition
| Bone Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHA), Middle Ear Implants (MEI), Cochlear Implants, and Auditory Brainstem Implants (ABI) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of assistive listening devices? |
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Definition
to provide hearing benefit where wearable hearing aids are not sufficient ex) in noisy places/group situations/alerting devices
1) situational 2) alerting |
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Term
| Indicate examples of assistive listening devices |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all visual cues that aid in understanding a message; ex) lip reading, facial expression, body language, and gestures |
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Term
| What are the limitations of speech reading? |
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Definition
| many sounds can not be visualized |
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Term
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Definition
| technique intended to maximize the benefit from auditory information |
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Term
| What are the major goals or steps related to auditory training? |
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Definition
1st) development of sound awareness
2nd) gross discrimination and discrimination of finer sounds
aka: from the simple & gross to the more subtle & difficult |
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Term
| Define the "referential" nature of sound. |
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Definition
ability to recognize the connection between sound from a specific source
ex) Mother's voice, door slamming, etc. |
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Term
| Describe the areas of counsel in audiologic rehabilitation used with children |
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Definition
- family concerns
- amplification
- hearing assessment
- educational opportunities
- direction related to psychologic
- medical management
- environmental management (optimize performance/communication) |
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Term
| Describe the areas of counsel in audiologic rehabilitation used with adults |
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Definition
- advice regarding amplification
- hearing assessment
- medical management
- use of speech reading
- environmental manipulation (optimize communication/performance)
- familial concerns
- direction related to psychologic & vocational |
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Term
| Describe the basic procedure for completing the pure-tone audiogram |
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Definition
we measure hearing by both air conduction and bone conduction; record on graphic display of the data
air- present stimuli through ear phones (octave frequencies 250-8000Hz) and patient click when they hear a sound
bone- place vibrating/oscillating device behind the ear on the mastoid (octave frequencies 500-4000Hz) |
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Term
| What do otoacoustic emissions or OAE do? |
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Definition
| measure outer ear hair cell function |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between output and input (output-input); the amount of amplification a person receives calculated in dBSPL |
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Term
| Define frequency response curve. |
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Definition
| graphic display of gain by frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum acoustic energy that the hearing aid wearer will receive regardless of the input; calculated in dBSPL |
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Term
| What are Bone Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHA)? |
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Definition
| a popular implantable device; surgically implanted into skull and provide hearing through bone conduction, intended for people with conductive hearing loss |
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Term
| What are Middle Ear Implants (MEI)? |
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Definition
| uncommon implantable device; experimental and intended for individuals with sensorineural loss; advantages are that wax won't enter the aid, feedback will be avoided, and there won't be discomfort from the aid |
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Term
| What are Cochlear Implants? |
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Definition
| most popularly used implants; devices don't amplify, but rather stimulate the auditory nerve; meant to be for those who can't be benefitted by hearing aids; effective with young children, it can facilitate development of speech and language |
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Term
| What are Auditory Brainstem Implants (ABI)? |
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Definition
| rare implantable device; used when person has no 8th nerve function, device implanted in the brainstem |
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