Term
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Definition
| impaired circulation or absorption of CSF |
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Term
| symptoms of hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| feeding difficulties, change in academic performance, failure to meet developmental milestones |
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Term
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Definition
| big head, bulging anterior fontanel, setting sun sign, brisk tendon reflexes, clonus, Macewen Sign |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventriculoperitoneal shunt, acetozolamide and furosemid (decrease CSF production) |
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Term
| prognosis of hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| untreated can lead to brain herniation |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertension, irregular breathing, bradycardia (HIB) |
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Term
| obstructive or non communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| something blocking the ventricles so CSF can't flow out of the ventricular system and into subarachnoid space. most commonly seen in children. |
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Term
| non-obstructive communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
| malfunction of arachnoid villi or obliteration of subarachnoid cisterns so CSF can't drain into veinous system. caused by subarachnoid hemorhage, meningitis, or leukemic infiltrates |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital cystic expansion of the fourth ventricle in the posterior fossa from an abnormal development of the cerebellum |
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Term
| arnold chiari malformations |
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Definition
| hind brain problems. localized to chromosomes 9 and 15 |
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Term
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Definition
| most common and least severe. mild caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils.associated with hydromyelia and syringomyelia. |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord caused by an increase of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled cabity within teh spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| less common and more severe. caudal displacement of the medulla, pons, and 4th ventricle.associated with myelomeningocele. |
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Term
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Definition
| defect in calvarium, meninges, and scalp. due to failure of rostral neuropore. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to detect anencephaly in amniocentesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| defect in vertebral arch in L5 to S1 region due to failure of caudal neuropore closure. no clinical symptoms |
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Term
| signs of spina bifida occulta |
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Definition
| tuft of hair above where unfused vertebral arch lies. lipoma, discoloration of skin, tail, dermal sinus in midline of lower back |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive deterioration in lower extremity function, changes in urinary tract function, progressive scoliosis, or pain |
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Term
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Definition
| spinal cord and/or nerve roots in membranous sac protruding through unfused vertebral arch. second most common congenital deformity. genetic factor. ethnic and country of origin play largest role. |
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Term
| CNS dysfunctions with myelomeningocele |
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Definition
| hydrocephalus, chiarai II, syringomyelia. treat with VP shunt. |
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Term
| urologic dysfunctions with myelomeningocele |
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Definition
| neurogenic bladder dysfunction, renal failure. treat with VCUG and RUS after closure, clean intermittent catheterization, anticholinergic and alpha adrenergic stimulators, surgery. |
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Term
| neurogenic bladder dysfunction |
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Definition
| incontinence, UTIs, hydronephrosis |
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Term
| orthopedic dysfunctions in myelomeningocele |
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Definition
| scoliosis, fractures, clubfoot, join contractures, dislocation of hips, kyphosis. treat with casting and surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| fecal incontinence with myelomeningocele. manage with timed enemas |
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Term
| cognition/psychosocial dysfunctions with myelomeningocele |
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Definition
| learning problems, seizure disorders, poor in arithmetic, social isolation and depression |
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Term
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Definition
| common in kids with myelomeningocele |
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Term
| management of myelomeningocele in neonate |
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Definition
| cover with saline soaked gauze, thorough neuro exam, assess for hydrocephalus, chiari II, orthopedic defects, give antibiotics, surgery to close defect and VP shunt |
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Term
| recommended dose of folic acid for all women of childbearing age |
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Definition
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|
Term
| recomended dose of folic acid for women with risk factors |
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Definition
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Term
| risk factors for neural tube defects |
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Definition
| folic acid deficiency, B12 deficiency, valoproic acid, carbazepine, methotrexate, excessive vitamin A, previous child with neural tube defect, hyperthermia |
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Term
| if screen positive for AFP |
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Definition
| do ultrasound or amniocentesis |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship of dens of C2 to anterior ring of C1. 3mm in adults. 5mm in kids. |
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Term
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Definition
| C1 vertical compression fracture. due to direct axial loading. lateral masses of C1 displaced laterally, fracture of anterior and posterior rings, disruption of transverse ligament. |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior neural arch fracture of C1. lateral masses not displaced. |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperextension. fracture of posterior neural arch of C2 with spinal cord separation. "traumatic spondylolithesis" |
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Term
| Flexion teardrop fractures |
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Definition
| high impact head on collisions. flexion injury. wedge shaped fragment of the anterior inferior portion of the vertebral body. implies ligamentous disruption with impingement on anterior spinal cord due to fx. hyperkyphosis. vertebra is posteriorly displaced. fragment still attached to anterior longitudinal ligament. quadrapelegia |
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Term
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Definition
| most common upper cervical fx. if patient awake, complains of high cervical pain with muscle spasm aggravated by movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| avulsion of tip. stable. heals slowly |
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Term
|
Definition
| fracture at junction of odontoid and body of C2. most common. heal slowly. |
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Term
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Definition
| fracture through superior aspect of C2. heal more readily. |
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Term
| wedge compression fracture |
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Definition
| diminished height and increased concavity of anterior body of vertebral body. do a CT to look for retropulsion |
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Term
|
Definition
| avulsion fractures of the spinous processes of the lower cervical vertebrae |
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Term
|
Definition
| direct axial load causes burst with fragments going in all directions. unstable. look for retropulsions of fracture into spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| hemisection of spinal cord. loss of pain and temp on contralateral side. loss of proprioception and fine touch on ipsilateral. loss of motor on ipsilateral. |
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Term
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Definition
| decussation of fibers in spinothalamic tract conveying pain and temperature compromised initially in a shroud like presentation. vascular in origin. may follow hyperextensio injury in patients with degenerative arthritis. ligamentum flavum buckles into cord resulting in concussion of the central most portion of the cord. neurologic deficits of arms greater than legs. |
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Term
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Definition
| severe injuries below L2, usually ruptured midline intervertebral disc. can also be from tumors. perianal or bilateral leg pain, bowel or bladder dysfunction, saddle anesthesia, deminished rectal sphincter tone, lower extremity weakness. treat with surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| acute spinal cord injury about T6 which causes impairment of the descending sympathetic pathways. hypotension due to loss of vasomotor tone. bradycardia due to unopposed vagal tone to heart. warm well perfused skin. differs from other kinds of shock in that it is bradycardic instead of tachycardic |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies anterior 2/3 spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| vascular syndrome of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| occlusion or damage to anterior spinal artery. causes radicular girdle pain. loss of motor function. impaired bowel and bladder control. position sense, vibration, and light touch are intact due to preservation of dorsal column. painful burning below level of injury |
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Term
| lateral corticospinal tract |
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Definition
| voluntary motor function. lesion would lead to upper motor neuron syndrome. somatotopic - legs are lateral |
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Term
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Definition
| somatotopic - legs are lateral (opposite of dorsal column). crude touch, pain, temp |
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Term
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Definition
| fine touch, proprioception arm |
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Term
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Definition
| fine touch, proprioception leg |
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Term
| upper motor neuron lesion |
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Definition
| transection of corticospinal tract or destruction of cortical cells of origin. transverse myelitis.causes spastic paresis, no atrophy, increase DTR, positive Babinski sign |
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Term
| upper motor neuron lesion |
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Definition
| transection of corticospinal tract or destruction of cortical cells of origin. transverse myelitis.causes spastic paresis, no atrophy, increase DTR, positive Babinski sign |
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Term
| lower motor neuron lesion |
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Definition
| damage to motor neurons. poliomyelitis. flaccid paralysis, atrophy, no DTR. |
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Term
| complete transection of cord |
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Definition
| transverse myelopathy. total loss of innervation distal to level of interuption. DTRs may persis. autonomic dysfunction may manifest with hypotension and priapism. if longer than 24 will not have functional recovery. |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower motor neuron. virus destroys motor neurons in anterior horn and brainstem. flaccid paralysis. |
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Term
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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Definition
| combined UMN and LMN problem. most common neurodegenerative disease. mutation chromosome 21. defective superoxide dismutase 1. muscle weakness. starts in hands. spastisity. babinski sign. NO SENSORY DEFICITS AND NO DEMENTIA. eventual paralysis of respiratory muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| damage to dorsal column. loss of proprioception. Charcots joints. shooting pain. prostitutes pupils. rombergs sign. dementia. syphilis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cavitary lesion within spinal cord. loss of pain and temp in upper extremities with preservation of proprioception and light touch. associated with chiari |
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Term
|
Definition
| posterolateral column syndrome. loss of proprioception as well as sensory ataxia, rombergs sign. bilateral corticospinal tract dysfunction results in spasticity, hyperreflexia, babinski's sign. treatment of latent TB. |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral and dorsal column disease. autosomal recessive. deficiency in protein frataxin which is essential for iron metabolism. staggering gait, frequent falling, high arch, hammer toes, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is cause of death. |
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Term
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Definition
| large segmental radiculospinal artery located in lumbar region. T9-T12. supplies lower 1/3 cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| lower motor neuron lesion. most common acute peripheral neuropathy. inflammatory demyelinating. after respiratory or GI illness. progressive ascending. loss of DTRs. |
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