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- pompeii, general view, Vesuvius in background.
- new town and old town (ancient city in foreground)
- area continually inhabited (vegetation grows even after eruption).
- shape of volcano changed after eruption (2 peaks)
- located in the Bay of Naples (to left)
- big eruption destroying ancient city in August 79 AD
- ancient city still needs to excavated (pollution halted excavation).
- Vesuvius still active
- large families in Greece, so Pompeii was colonized (not a Greek settlement, but heavily influenced).
- Pompeii directly to southeast so larger range of damage (covered in ash, not just lava).
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Term
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- eruption of mid 17th century - note lava flow over Pompeii area
- multiple eruptions through 17th century
- earthquakes and tremors all in area (signal of eruption).
- majority (read: all) photos depict eruption
- this picture shows destruction done by lava
- good comparison = Mount St. Helen's
- mud, multiple eruptions, victims died from gas/ ash, many deadly gases (CO, CO2, Sulfur, etc...)
- 62 AD: large earthquake, gas buildup, much damage...
- 63 AD: earthquakes/ tremors
- Aug 79 AD: more tremors, springs dry up
- Aug 24 79 AD: main Vesuvius eruption, pompeii destroyed
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Term
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- depth of ash over Pompeii
- difference between Herculaneum and Pompeii
- ash preserved buildings/ bodies
- roofs of buildings collapsed.
- Pompeii very hard to discover because of depth
- Pompeiians couldn't find loved ones because of coverage
- ash made escape during eruption impossible.
- residents died due to asphyxiation (not burns/ lava)
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Term
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- Theatrical Area - large theatre, odeum, gladiator barracks, triangle forum with Doric temple.
- larger theatre built in Greek style, with Roman touch ups (seats 5000, pit/ orchestra)
- more popular shows in larger theatre
- designed to optimize acoustics for performances.
- Doric temple = Greek style as well (because the steps surronded the whole building, whereas Roman temples usually had one set of stairs).
- gladiators found chained in barracks (women also found in barracks for unknown reason).
- odeum used for poetry recitals and political speeches, etc.
- triangular forum predated the Roman forum
- trees in triangular forum weren't necessarily there
- theatres had roof and retractable awning (velarium)
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- gladiator barracks
- gladiators = prisoners of war/ slaves (majority)
- different types of gladiators (disciplines)
- barracks used for training, not showcasing fights.
- gladiators did not escape eruption
- fights not always to the death, continual fighting for more profit and to earn fighter's freedom
- paelestrae surronds the barracks.
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- Large Theatre
- sits 5000 people (pit/ orchestra for extra seating)
- more popular shows on display here
- originally built by Greeks with Roman touch ups
- orchestra (area in front of the seating) used for the chorus
- all actors were men
- shows took place during the day because they had no lighting systems
- beggars and panhandlers surronded the district much like in modern times
- better acoustics from the shape of the theatre
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- temple of Isis excavation (1765)
- shows that pillars were coloured, not actually pristine white
- Isis was Egyptian god (of motherhood/ fertility) adopted by Pompeiians
- mystery cult that held 2 ceremonies daily
- 2 eggs found after excavation from daily ceremonies
- picture shows the massive amounts of ash at Pompeii
- 5 priests escaped during eruption (found running or escaping a house, etc).
- poor archeological techniques at the time (simply just a treasure hunt so excavation was not very careful).
- artifacts distributed globally to Kings (very hard to trace artifacts back to this location).
- excavation ocurred during Reinassence because there was a classical revival at the time
- Emperor Titus was in charge after he wanted a salvage mission but not much could be done
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- Excavating Herculaneum, late 17th century (use of convicts and gunpowder)
- harder than Pompeii to excavate because of massive amount of thick ash and lava
- also modern town built over top of ancient town, making it even harder to excavate.
- large workforce needed because 5-20m of ash covered ancient city
- discovered because Emanuele Maurizo of Elboeuf (Prince of Lorraine) wanted a villa
- digging for a well revealed artifacts and so he decided to hunt for treasure.
- artifacts shipped to Vienna for palaces
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- G. Fiorelli directed excavations at Pompeii from 1860
- lived from 1823 - 1896
- believed site was to be treated like a museum (first real archaeologist at Pompeii).
- had 3 principles: 1) keep records, 2) dig systematically, 3) keep proper spoil heaps
- criticized by Schliemann for going too slow
- gave great insight into how Pompeii lived
- invented a technique that used plaster to uncover bodies (poured into buildings in order to preserve the site)
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Term
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- plaster cast of Pompeiian victim
- horrific expressions/ positions of people
- could tell the clothes on people as well as the way they lived (diet, height, weight, etc) from excellent preservation
- after body decomposed, empty space left so plaster filled in the gap in order to obtain a mould
- bodies are from the 79 AD eruption
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- boat sheds, Herculaneum - 100s of bodies
- people tried to find shelter/ escape eruption and went into boat shelter
- tried to escape by sea but the wind was blowing in the wrong direction, so instead tried to wait out the eruption (bad idea)
- can't use plaster method because of the number of bodies (hundreds of bones preserved in the rock).
- people died from gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide/ monoxide, sulfur, chlorine, etc...)
- entire ancient boat preserved (very good archaeological find because this is extremely rare!)
- bodies covered by lava as well as ash and mud
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- Herculaneum bodies (different from Pompeiian bodies because of lava)
- ash did not preserve bodies so no moulds could be made to preserve their form
- had first shock of volcano so had the opportunity to hide or take shelter
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Term
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- Pompeii main forum (Roman) various buildings and POI in forum area
- Basilica: public building, used for business and trials (law court), podium for political speeches, use of concrete reduced number of columns, bricks covered in marble to make columns
- Macellum: meat and fish market, stalls and vendors, Tholos was fountain in middle, shops faced away from sun, temple dedicated to emperor
- Capitolium: holds 3 main gods of Roman empire (jupiter, juno, minerva), ceremonies in front of the temple of forum
- Temple of Apollo: god of Sun (daylight), temple built before the forum
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Term
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- Pompeii street - fountain, stepping stones...
- grooves for carriages, bumps served as speed bumps
- fountains for water
- streets not clean, stepping stones for crossing street
- carriages were only used by elites
- no particular direction for roads
- streets had no names ("where the streets had no names "♫)
- small in comparison to modern day streets
- Thermopolium and bakeries along the streets for trade
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- Herculaneum gate, street of tombs beyond
- medieval style gate (double gate)
- used for protection against Romans and locals (samnites)
- 7 - 8 entrances around entire settlement
- Pompeiian tombs located on outside (mourners hired for funerals, death big deal in society)
- large tombs (monuments), family tombs were large structures
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- stabian baths, palaestra
- built in 300 BCE (Samnite period)
- used as a social place and also as a fitness and bathing facility
- 2 of each rooms (to sort out gender)
- apodyterium: change room (rich had servants to carry their belongings)
- hypocaust used to regulate heat of rooms through the floor (slaves used)
- tepidarium = warm room, shelves for belongings
- calidarium = hot room used after tepidarium
- frigidarium = cold room
- palestrae exercise area (big open field), exercised in nude
- baths operated on 2 different times to accommodate different genders
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- Pompeiian atrium house
- vestibule = entrance way
- atrium = main lobby
- cubicula = rooms, servants bedrooms
- implovium = gather rainwater (pipes move water through house)
- complovium = hole in the roof
- ala = "wing"
- tablinium = client - patron meeting room
- triclinium = dining rooms/ dinner parties
- androne = "man's room"
- hortus = enclosed garden
- peristyle = columned porch/ open colonnade
- exerda = mostly storage, can be used as back entrance
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- House of Caecilius lararium - evidence of earthquake
- tilt of buildings shows an earthquake
- 62 AD earthquake - result of gas buildup underground
- small shrine (lararium was used to house larees/ deities or household gods who protected the house)
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- Frank Calvert (1828 - 1908)
- owned small portion of Hisarlik
- much better methods than Schliemann
- brother (Fred) owned property @ Bunarbaschi
- Frank excavated various sites (Bunarbaschi)
- found remains at Hisarlik (needed to buy land)
- appealed to British Museum to help pay for dig (they refused)
- Schliemann bought land after Calvert convinced him that Hisarlik was the site of Troy (he financed the whole excavation)
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- Ankershagen, Germany
- Schliemann claimed to be born here (not true)
- lied about even the smallest of things
- actually born in Beubuckow
- young Schliemann (8 yrs old) decided to dig up Troy
- more lies, continuing to prove that Schliemann could not be trusted even about the smallest things
- never held a steady job
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Term
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Definition
- Heinrich Schliemann
- lied about even the smallest of things
- actually born in Beubuckow
- young Schliemann (8 yrs old) decided to dig up Troy
- more lies, continuing to prove that Schliemann could not be trusted even about the smallest things
- never held a steady job
- made fortune trading commodities (everything he touched was sucessful)
- 1850 brother died in California (gold rush) Schliemann went to settle affairs, and got involved in gold trade
- cheated Partner out of gold $$ (more dishonesty)
- lied about US citizenship (to cover up fraud)
- 1852 goes back to St. Petersburg (health reasons)
- propsed to 2 women by letter and got married and started family after one accepted
- made fortune in Crimean war (selling saltpeter)
- 1858 - 1866 travelled globe
- 1866 enrolled at Sorbonne, got PhD after writing a book on travels
- divorce in 1869 (marriage was not happy)
- divorce is first major evidence of fraud
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