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clj240 exam 1
chapter 1-5
75
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 2
09/20/2013

Additional Criminal Justice Flashcards

 


 

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Term
CJ nonsystem
Definition
no part of the system was designed at once. non-system where police don't catch criminals, courts don't try them, prisons don't reform them. a basic inequality exists.
Term
Consensus Model
Definition
assumes all parts of the system work toward a common goal
Term
Conflict Model
Definition
the system is self-serving which together results in fragmented efforts; the system creates conflicts
Term
Administration
Definition
encompasses mangement and supervision; a group of people is organized to direct towards achieving the groups objective
Term
Crime Control Model
Definition
values the arrest and conviction of criminal offenders
Term
Due Process
Definition
found in bill of rights
emphasis on individual rights
seeks to ensure innocent people arent convicted of crimes
Term
internal/intrinsic rewards
Definition
provides a sense of worth like making the world a better place to live
Term
external/extrinsic rewards
Definition
salary, private office, expensive account at country club
Term
How Policy is made
Definition
1) someone must formulate a policy with respect to crime reduction and list all variables to the problem
2) the administrator requests more info from each administrator within the jurisdiction to figure out where the problem exists
3) the status would be provided, report would include input from prosecutors office
Term
Force-field analysis
Definition
identifying sources of resistance
1) identifying driving forces and restraining forces
2) identifying alternative strategies for changing each force
Term
bureaucratic management
Definition
managed by being organized into # of specialized units
1) rulification and routinization: facilitate standard/equal treatment
2) division of labor
3) hierarchy of authority
4) expertise
5) written rules
Term
Scientific Management
Definition
hourly breaks were given --> worker productivity soared
focused on authority, chain of command, span of control, division of labor
POSDCORB: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, budgeting
Term
Human Relations Management
Definition
management should instill pride and dignity in officers
role of organizational structure became secondary. primary was goal of social rewards
employees began to give less and expect more
Term
Systems Management
(Systems Approach)
Definition
designed to bring individual and organization together

attempted to help managers use employees to reach desired goals
team cooperation is required (SYSTEM)
Term
Trait Theory
Definition
based on contention that good leaders possess certain character traits that poor leaders don't
-leadership cannot be taught
Term
Style Theory
Definition
leaders must have a sense of the task to be accomplished as well as the environment their subordinates work
(single manager style)
Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
employees behavior may be altered if they know theyre being studied
-people work for a variety of reasons not just for $
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
top: self realization/actualization
next: ego related/self esteem
middle: belonging/social needs
next: safety/security
bottom: primary needs like air food sex
Term
Theory X views
Definition
average person has an inherent dislike of work and uses negative reinforcement
Term
Theory Y views
Definition
people don't dislike work, it is a part of their nature to use it as satisfaction
Term
Motivation Hygiene Theory
Definition
asked workers to describe times they felt really good or really bad about their jobs
maintenance/hygiene factors: necessities are adequate pay benefits etc, hygiene doesn't satisfy or motivate but they do dissatisfy
motivational factors: achievement, recognition, responsibility
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
focused on beliefs that can influence effort/perofrmance
1) the task appears to be possible
2) the reward is desirable
3) employees believe that perofrming the task will bring desired outcome
4) good chance that better performance will bring better rewards
Term
Contingency Theory
Definition
1) among peoples needs is a central need to achieve a sense of competence
2) the ways in which people fulfill this need varies
3) competence motivation is most likely to be achieved when theres a fit between task and organization
4) a sense of competence continues to motivate people even after competence is achieved

managers should tailor jobs to fit peoples skills they will need to become competent
Term
COPPS: Community Oriented Policing and Problem Solving
Definition
approach to crime detection and prevention that promotes proactive problem solving and police community partnership to address the causes of crime/fear and community issues
Term
SARA process
Definition
scanning (problem identification)
analysis (determining event of the problem, people affected, and underlying causes
response (seek most effective response)
assessment (evaluate effectiveness of their actions and maybe redefine the problem
Term
CPTED: crime prevention through environmental design
Definition
proper design and effective use of the enviornment that can lead to reduction in fear and incidence of crime
1) natural access control: doors, shrubs, fences
2) natural surveillance: proper placement of windows
3) territorial reinforcement: sidewalks, landscapes, porches to help distinguish between public/private areas
Term
SCP: situational crime prevention
Definition
1) increasing the effort needed to commit the crime.
-target hardening (physical barriers)
-access control: designing paths to deter unwanted ppl
-deflecting offenders- giving them diff space to do it (sports venue)
-controlling facilitators: metal detectors
2) increasing risks associated with crimes
-entry/exit screening (IDs)
-formal surveillance
-informal surveillance
-natural surveillance
3) reducing rewards
-target removal (eliminating crime purpose)
-identifying property (establish ownership)
-removing inducements (broken windows
4) reducing provocations (certain lightings improve moods)
5) removing the excuse (no trespass sign)
Term
Police Accreditation
Definition
its expensive and time consuming
but these agencies usually provide more training, require higher education, more drug testing, and operate more special units
Term
Executive Sessions
Definition
general purpose of allowing practitioners to meet
-1st was a three year period in 1983 where 30 ppl discussedd "perspectives on policing"
Term
Second Executive Session
Definition
after 9/11
issue of public safety and policing
focusing on challenges of coming years, federal role, terrorism, technology, media, incarceration, minorities
Term
Assessment Center
Definition
an efficacious means of hiring/promoting personnel
process includes: interviews, test, inbasket exercises, management tasks, group discussion, presentation, written communication
step 1) identify behaviors important to successful performance
2) during each exercise theyer analyzed & recorded an evaluation
-- you avoid problems w hiring the wrong person
Term
Anomia in Policing
Definition
anomic individual feels that community leaders are indifferent to his/her needs and he/she can't count on anyone for support, life itself is meaningless
this is problematic because police must be well-connected with their communities etc
Term
Ten Commandments of Leadership
Definition
1) practice what you preach
2) a days pay for a day and a half of work
3) maintain/promote integrity
4) develop a positive image
5) remain committed
6) be respectful
7) accept assistance from others
8) be eager for knowledge
9) maintain healthy lifestyle
10) set personal goals
Term
major viewpoints by Norm Stamper
Definition
everything in policing is political
there is good and bad in politics
good: picking someone b/c theyre a good leader
bad: picking a buddy
Term
PTO police training officer program
Definition
basic recruit academy starting with essential formal training; shaping their attitude, developing technical occupational skills
Term
FTO field training officer program
Definition
1) intro - learning agency policies/local laws
2) training & evaluation
3) FTO trainer acts as observer while recruit performs all the tasks
Term
Intelligence Led Policing
Definition
operates under assumption that a relatively small # of ppl were responsible for large percentage of crimes & officers will have best effecct by focusing on most prevalant offenses in their jurisdiction
"intelligence" = info + analysis
Term
Predictive Policing
Definition
using already known data (crime data) to predict/monitor crime
like more crimes occur on hot days
Term
Fusion Centers
Definition
formed by # of cities/counties in partnership with FBI as early warning groups for terrorism
they coordinate all response & counterterrorism elements
Term
Contagious Shootings
Definition
gunfire that spreads among officers who believe that theyre facing a threat. spreeads like wildfire
(multiple officers firing 20+ rounds)
Term
Suicide by Cop
Definition
an act motivated by the offenders desire to commit suicide that results in justifiable homicide by the officer
Term
Use of Force
Definition
must be objectively reasonable in view of all facts and circumstances
issues: physical/excessive force
verbal/psychological abuse (belittling them)
legal abuse and violations of civil rights
Term
DRRM dynamic resistance response model
Definition
dynamic -> the model is fluid
resistance -> the suspect controls interaction
Term
Contract Policing
Definition
smaller communities contracting their police services with a larger agency
they share resources and expenses
they pool resources to result in better more focused services
Term
Consolidation
Definition
merging 2 or more city/county governments
to avoid duplication of services
disadvantage: cost savings may not be realized for years
Term
Civilanization
Definition
using CSI and crime analysts and civilians
-becoming more widespread.
Term
Police Uniforms
Definition
uniform stands as visual representation of law enforcement
--welcomes verbal abuse, or welcomed as symbol
legally-> professional image
changes recently -> hair length, tattoos, beards
Term
Technical Skills
Definition
needs to ensure that specific tasks are performed correctly
involves specialized knowledge, analytical ability within that specialty. these skills are easily trained for
Term
Human Skills
Definition
working with people; motivating employees and how to utilize group processes
Term
Conceptual Skills
Definition
coordinating and integrating all the activities/interests of organization towards a common objective
the ability to translate knowledge into action
Term
Hobbes
Definition
argued that all people are irrational and selfish
but people had enough rationality to recognize their situations and come together to form self protection (government)
consensus theory
Term
Locke
Definition
governments give protection and receive obedience and loyalty in return
consensus theory
Term
Rousseau
Definition
conflict theorist
associated the loss of freedom and creation of conflict
with development of private property and unequal distribution of resources
Term
Generation X
Definition
people born 1965-1975
looks down upon next generation and Y
Term
Generation Y
Definition
1976-1980
thinks next is lazy etc
Term
USA patriot act
Definition
shortly after 9/11
expanded gov ability to investigate americans without probable cause for "intelligence purposes" and to conduct searches if theres "reasonable grounds
Term
Military Commission ACt
Definition
president is authorized to establish military commissions to try unlawful enemy combatants, commissions are authorized to sentence defendants to death
Term
National Incident Management System
Definition
provides consistent nationwide approach for federal state local gov to work efficiently together to prepare for prevent respond to and recover from domestic incidents
Term
COMPSTAT
Definition
strategic control system designed for collection/feedback of info on crime/quality of life issues
specific objectives, accurate intelligence, effective tactics, assessment
Term
4 types of organization
Definition
1) mutual benefits associations (labor unions)
2) business concerns (General Motors)
3) service organizations (community health centers
4) commonwealth organizations (public good/welfare)
Term
downward communication
Definition
1) job instruction
2) job rationale
3) procedures/practice
4) feedback
5) indoctrination (designed to motivate employees)
Term
upward communication
Definition
several deterents restrict this
physical distance between superior and subordinates
Term
horizontal communication
Definition
thrives when formal communication channels arent open
usually informal replaces vertical
provides emotional/social bonds
Term
Webers theory of organization
Definition
bureaucracies
Term
functional differentiation
Definition
tasks are broken down into functionally distinct units
(police with homicide unit)
Term
spatial differentiation
Definition
an organization spread geographically
-police agency with headquarters & precinct stations
Term
Roe v Wade
Definition
issue w/ abortion
extends womans decision to have an abortion, must be balanced against protecting prenatal life and protecting women's health
Term
Gregg v Georgia
Definition
acceptance of the use of the death penalty
Term
Furman v Georgia
Definition
ended the death penalty
Term
Tennessee v Gardner
Definition
gave us defense of life
officer can use force against suspect only
1) to prevent escape when offender threatens officer with weapon
2) immediate threat of death/serious injury
3) officer has probable cause that suspect committed crime and inflicted harm
Term
Kelley v Johnson
Definition
appearance of police officers regulated
hair tattoos piercings
Term
US v brown
Definition
lol idk
bill of attained rights ?
Term
Gideon v Wainwright
Definition
14th amendment: must provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who can't pay their attorneys
Term
Kastigar v US
Definition
grant of immunity from prosecution can compel witness to testify against self incrimination
Term
County of Sacramento v Lewis
Definition
standards for high speed chase pursuits
-lewis speeding on motorcycle and officer clipped the bike
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