CD-ADHD

1.Kazdin

2.Ferguson

1.Half of all reps behaviour

2.ADHD and CD highly correlated but seperate

CD-ADHD- Biopsychosocial model

Individual factors- ADHD

-More clear than CD 

-strongly geneitc

-Behavioural inhibition

-neuropsych anomolies: neurotransmitter, dopamine

CD-ADHD-Biopsychological model

Individual factors- CD

-Genetics-mixed findings

-Neuropsych- problems with verbal and executive function

-Cognitive= hostile bias interpreting

ADHD-CD= bispsychosocial model

Family factors in ADHD

-Less clear than in CD

-coercive child/parent relations

-depression/alcohol abuse in aprents

-repairs with treatment

ADHD-CD-biopsychosocial model

CD Family factors

-Parental psychopathology

-high levels of conflict

-negative interactions

ASD

1.Ruttler

 2. Wing and Gould

1. Most strongly genetic of multifactorial disorders

2. Categories- aloof, passive, active but odd

Anxiety

 1. Mcnally 1990

2. Clark et al 1997

3. Ehlers1988

1. Stroop test- attentional bias

2. Clark- negative interpretations for internal and external words- more interna;

3. False heart rate- catostrophic misinterpretation

ANXiety- preventing catostrophic interpretations

1. Sanderson-

2. Safety behaviours

3. Salkvoski

1. C02 illusion of control study= lower PA

2. Reinforce misinterpretaions

3. Drop safety behaviours= calmer

Depression- social models

1. Finlay/Jones

2. Brown

3. Daley

1. Depression=loss events  Anxiety=danger events

2. Social vulnerability model

3. Depression= more likely to have depressive life event.

Depression-Cognitive theory

1. Beck

2. Miranda and Pearsons

3. Lewinsohn

1. Congitive theory of depression- early events- depressonogenic schema

2. Individuals w/ depressed history higher neg. cognitons with low modd

3. Cognitive style predicts depression w. high life events

Depression- Biological theories

Stress= high cortisol

High cortisol=low serotonin

=depression

Depression

1. Caspi

2. Plomin

1. Short allelle for serotonin transport= mor evulnerable to depression

2. Twin Studies- genes influnece liklihood that dependent life events will occur.

AZ

Episodic memory

-Main problem-across domains

Most damage happens in hippocampus

-Problem w/ encoding- fail to benefit from encoding manipulation that aids memory: semantic categories

-Possible problem w/ storage- rapid loss over short term

-Retrieval intact

AZ

Semantic Memory

-Problem w/ access or structure?

-Most evidence with access- diffiuclty w/ strategic search- helped by prompt

-Some evidence breakdown in structure- entire concepts lost.

AZ

Other memory

- Implicit intact

-short term- some effect but long term episodic

-Working memory: problem w/ central executive function

   -Baddley-dual task paradigm

SZ

1. Bleuler

2. Kraeplin

3. Gordon Claeridge

4. Mason

1. named SZ

2. Dementia praecox

3. SZ= spectrum of schizotpy

4. O-Life questionaire for schizotypy- unusual experiences, cog. disorganization, introvertive

SZ- Genetic

1. Kendler and Deihl-

2. Gottesman

3. Heston

1. First degree relative 10x more likely- 5% vs o.5%

2. Twin studies- MZ=46% DZ=14%

3. - adoption studies-16% still develop Sz

SZ- Family theories

1. Fromm-Reichman 1948

2.Bateson

1. Schzophregenic mothers

2. confusing family communication style- no clear links

SZ- Criticisms to traditional theories

1. Romme and Escher

2. Peters 1999

3. Expressed emotion-family

1. Sometimes meds dont work, voice hearing is natural- how you cope important.

2. Delusional beliefs- new religous movements- differences- stress and preoccupation

3. Predictive of relapse 50 vs. 15%

Hooley- >35 hours w/ high EE family equals higher relapse

SZ- Cognitive approaches

1. McGhie and Chapman

2. Frith 1979

3. Maher

4. Reasoning problems- Hugh, Gartely

5. Richard Bental

1. Over inclusive thinking- decrease in selection

2. Hallucinations=distracted by info not usually aware of- Thought disorders=cant control all ideas linked to thought- delusions=trying to make sense of things unoticed by others.

3. anomalous experience.  Reasoning same but experience different. Delusion provide order

4. Problems with reasoning- jar task

5. Symptom not syndrome approach-attribution theory/self serving bias- not my fault

ID

1. Cullen et al

2. Heal and Siegleman

3. Glasgow anxiety scal for ID

1. Resettling- improvement over first 6 months in adaptive and morale- more difficult to measure morale

2. Biases in interviewing- ie. aquiescence, memory, language- used varity of strategies and questions and averaged.

3. Assessed worries, specific fears, physiological symptoms- positive correlation w/ phyiscal, with other scales for non ID.