Term
| Prostate cancer most often appears in which lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BPH is most often involved which lobes? |
|
Definition
| The middle and lateral lobes. |
|
|
Term
| Which is most likely to affect urinary stream--prostate cancer or BPH? Why? |
|
Definition
| BPH b/c it involves the middle and lateral lobes which are more closely associated with the urthera than the posterior lobe. |
|
|
Term
| When does sexual differentiation occur in the fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age should the testicles descend? At what age should you become worried? |
|
Definition
| Usually descend by 6 months. Become worried at 15 months |
|
|
Term
| At what age should the testicles descend? At what age should you become worried? |
|
Definition
| Usually descend by 6 months. Become worried at 15 months |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of a Tanner stage I male. |
|
Definition
| Prepubescent--the testes, scrotum, and penis are the same size and shape as in a young child |
|
|
Term
| Describe the changes occuring in a male in tanner II stage. |
|
Definition
| Sparse hair growth begin along with enlargement of the scrotum and testes. |
|
|
Term
| At what stage of the tanner staging does penile length occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe characteristics of Tanner stage 4 in males. |
|
Definition
Coarse adult hair
Further enlargement of the genitalia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans of the penis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erection that will not go away. |
|
|
Term
| Which form of hernia is most common in males? In females? |
|
Definition
Males- Direct inguinal hernia
Females- Femoral hernia |
|
|
Term
| Which type of hernia is often bilateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the route of a direct hernia. |
|
Definition
| A direct hernia passes through the external inguinal ring. It rarely enters the scrotum. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the route of an indirect inguinal hernia. |
|
Definition
| An indirect inguinal hernia will pass down through the internal inguinal ring through the inguinal canal. It can then pass out the external inguinal ring and into the scrotum. May be bilateral. |
|
|
Term
| If a patient presents with a a soft swelling in the area of the internal ring, pain on straining, and a bulge touches the tip of the physicians finger in the inguinal canal what type of hernia is the patient suffering from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patent presents with a painless bulge in Hesselback's triange, that is easily reduced, and the bulge pushed on the side of the physicians finger what type of hernia is the patient suffering from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a physican suspects a patient is suffering from a hernia but the inguinal canal is empty what type of hernia is the patient suffering from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congenital condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the ventral surfac of the glans penile shaft or the base of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are causes of hematouria in each of the following age ranges?
Under 20?
20-40
40-60
60+ |
|
Definition
>20 is congenital defect
20-40 is infection
40-60 is a bladder tumor
60+ is prostate cancer |
|
|
Term
| Pain in the flank and lateral testis could be indicative of what? |
|
Definition
| Distension of ipsilateral upper ureter |
|
|
Term
| If a patient presents with pain in the scrotum and lower abdomen the what portion of the ureter might be distended? |
|
Definition
| The lower portion of the ureter |
|
|
Term
| A patient presents with pain above their pubic region and an intense desire to urinate that started out as a feeling a fullness, what might be wrong? |
|
Definition
| The bladder is distended. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the presentation and cause of peyronie disease. |
|
Definition
Patient notes bending or indentation of the erect penis
Pain with erection
Caused by fibrous band in the corpus cavernosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the testis secondary to infection. |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal size of lymph nodes? At what point should you become worried? |
|
Definition
Normal 1/2 cm
Worried at 1 cm |
|
|
Term
| What is the average size of the prostate in cm and in finger breadths? |
|
Definition
| 3 cm or 2 finger breadths. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the scale for grading prostate size. |
|
Definition
2 finger breadths or 3 cm is normal
1+ is 3 finger breadths
2+ is 4 finger breadths
3+ is considerably larger than 4 fingers
4+ is most of the anterior pelvic outlet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organs make up the vulva? |
|
Definition
External female genital organs
-mons pubis
-labia majora,
-labia minora
-clitoris
-vestibular glands
-vaginal vestibule
-vaginal orifice
-urethral opening |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the adnexa of the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligaments support the internal genitalia of a female? |
|
Definition
-cardinal
-uterosacral
-round
-broad |
|
|
Term
| During which breast stage does menarche usually begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Menstrual pain that interupts daily living |
|
|
Term
| How is uterine enlargement produced during the first trimester? 2nd and 3rd? |
|
Definition
| 1st trimester the uterus enlarges due to hormonal control as a result of increased levels of estrogen and progesterone. After the third month the uterus enlarges due to pressure by the growning fetus. |
|
|
Term
| What causes the waddle gait of pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Relaxin and progesterone cause pelvic cartilage to soften and increase the strength of pelvic ligaments. This lovens the pelvic joins and allow mobility and also lead to the waddle gait. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the system used to describe a woman's pregnancy history. |
|
Definition
GxPxxxx
G-stands for gravida, meaning pregnancy
P-stands for parity, full term deliveries
Next is number of term pregnancies
Then the number of premature births
After that is the number of abortions
And lastly is the number of living children
GXPXXXX |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular noncylcic periods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invervals greater than 35 (37) days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invervals less than 21 (19) days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive and/or prolonged bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased bleeding between periods as well as heavier periods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the patient experiences pain when the physician taps on the cerix what should be suspected? |
|
Definition
| Pelvic inflammatory disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of physiologic vaginal discharge. |
|
Definition
-white
-odorless
-nonhomogeneous consistancy
-cervix appearance is normal |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of vaginal discharge in the case of bacterial vaginosis. |
|
Definition
-gray
-fishy odor
-homogeneous
-cervix appears normal |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characterisics of vaginal discharge in the case of trichomonas. |
|
Definition
-grayish yellow
-fishy odor
-purulent, often with bubbles
-cervix may show red spots |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of vaginal discharge in the case of candida. |
|
Definition
-white
-odorless
-cottage cheese consistancy
-patches of discharge on the cervix |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of vaginal discharge in the case of gonococcal. |
|
Definition
-Greenish yellow
-odorless
-mucopurulent
-pus from the os |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hernial protrusion of the bladder through the anterior wall of the vagina and sometimes exitin the introitus. The bulging can be seen and felt as the woman bears down.
Can lead to urinary stress incontinence in severe cases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heniation of the rectum through the posterior vaginal wall. |
|
|
Term
| Which sinuses are present at birth? |
|
Definition
| Maxillary and ethmoid sinuses |
|
|
Term
| What senarios would percussion of the face be appropriate? |
|
Definition
Chacking for hypocalcemia
Hyperactive masseteric reflex, chovstek's sign |
|
|
Term
| Describe sinusitis? Describe the symptoms of sinusitis. |
|
Definition
Infection of one or more of the paranasal sinuses that may be a complication of a upper respiratory infection, dental infection, allergies, or structural defect
Symptoms. Fever, purulent drainage, sinus pain/pressure, poor response to decongestants, dull or absent transillumination. |
|
|
Term
| Define and differentiate between caput succendaneum and cephalhematoma. |
|
Definition
Caput succedaneum- subcutaneous edema that crosses suture lines. Leads to cone head. Resolves in a few days.
Cephalohematoma- subperiosteal collection of blood after birth. Bleeding is occuring on top of the bone. Can take weeks to go away. Does not cross suture lines |
|
|
Term
| T or F. Fluid from caput succadeum will cross suture lines. |
|
Definition
| True. Caput succedaneum is subcutaneous edema in a newborn that will cross suture lines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flattened or asymetrical shape to the skull in infants. |
|
|
Term
| What is the condition called in which there is premature closure of one or more sutures of the skull before brain growth has been completed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of hydrocephaly? |
|
Definition
Swelling of the head, but not the face
Paresis of upward gaze
Round shinny ehad
Dilated scalp veins
Thin scalp |
|
|
Term
| Define encephaloxele. What symptom might accompany it? |
|
Definition
| Protrusion of nervous tissue through a defect in the skull. Sun setting sign. |
|
|
Term
| A mother brings her infant in and is greatly concerned because she feels his head is too small. The meausements say he is 1 standard deviation below the normal head circumferance. Does she need to be worried? |
|
Definition
| No. If the childs head was two std deviation below then he would have microcephaly and the brain would not be developing properly. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the physical features of fetal alcohol syndrome. |
|
Definition
Mental reftardation
Widespread eyes
Mild ptosis
Short nose
Thin upper lip
Microcephaly
Poorly formed philtrum |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for drooping eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient presnet with the following symptoms- enlarged skull, low forehead, corneal clouding,short neck, and muccopolysaccharide storage. What condition do they have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient present swith epicanthal folds, a depressed nasal brodge, mongolian slant to the eyes,low set ears, and macroglossia. Wha condition do they likely have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient with a terminal illness might will have what. What charactistics? |
|
Definition
Hippocratic facies
..dry thin skin
..sunken facial features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Associated with adrenal tumors or steroid use both of whch lead to increased levels of glucocorticoids
Symptoms include
..moon face
..hirutism
..erythematous
..thin skin |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take an infants sutures to fuse? The fontanels? |
|
Definition
Sutures fuse at ages 6 to 18 years of age
Fontaneles fuse in 2 months to 2 years. |
|
|
Term
| What type of heachache is unitlateral, throbbing, can cause nausea, and can occur with menses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of a classic migraine headache? |
|
Definition
..unilateral
..thribbing
..associated with nausea
..menses |
|
|
Term
| What type of heachache is generalized, throbbing, and is associated with menses and nausea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main difference between a classic and a common migraine? |
|
Definition
Classic migrain is unilateral
Common migraine is generalized |
|
|
Term
| What headache is unilater searing pain can lead to nasal discharge and lacrimation and is associated with alcohol use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of headache is bilateral located in the occipital region and is throbbing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of heachache is bnad like, consticting, and brought about by stress, anger, and bruxism? |
|
Definition
| Muscular tension headache. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the characteristics of a muscular headache. |
|
Definition
| It is band like, constricting, and can be stress, anger, or bruxally induced |
|
|
Term
| A physician is checking a 4 year old patients theyroid and notices a bruit over it. Is this normal? Would thisbe normal in a 20 year old patient? What conditions would it be associated with? |
|
Definition
Thyroid bruits are common in children under 5
Over six they are abnormal and may indicate hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune
Antibodies to TSH receptors
..exopthalmos
..goiter
..facial flushing
..sensitive to heat
..tachycardia
..weight loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Skin and tissue disorder due to severe prolonged hypothyroidism
..coarse sparse hair
..periorbital edema
..puffy yellow skin
..cognitive impairment
..deposition of glycoamino acids on all organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Autoimmune
Antibodies against thyroid gland
Lethargy
Sensitive to cold
Weight gain
Scaly dry skin
Puffy eyes |
|
|
Term
| Congenital hypothyroidism aka cretinism |
|
Definition
Rare die to newborn screenings
Jaundice
Poor feeding
Lack of muscle tone
Floppy baby
Puffy face |
|
|
Term
| If a pregnant woman has an exam and the increase in size of her thyroid gland is noticable what might she be lacking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you palpate a cystic mass midline in the neck what might you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cingenital lesion forms by incomplete involution of the branchial cleft along the anteromedial border of SCM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
May be due to birth trauma
Turmors
Cranial nerve palsy
Muscle spasm
Infection
Drug ingestion
May lead to plagiocephaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
May be due to birth trauma
Turmors
Cranial nerve palsy
Muscle spasm
Infection
Drug ingestion
May lead to plagiocephaly |
|
|
Term
| Nuchal rigidity aka stiff neck may be associated with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a one year old child present with enlarged post auricular or occipital lymph nodes should the physician be worried? |
|
Definition
| No. It is typical for the post auricular or occipital lymph nodes to be enlarged in children less than two |
|
|
Term
| At what age does the lymph system fully mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphadenopathy may be associated with what conditio s? |
|
Definition
Mononucleosis
TB
Lymphoma
Cat scratch fever |
|
|
Term
| What portion of the ear is responsible for movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what trimester does the inner ear develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gradual loss of sensorineural hearing
Greater for higher freq sounds
Common after65 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unsteadiness
Loss of balance
Syncope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gout
Deposits of urate crystals in the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gout
Deposits of urate crystals in the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Middle ear inflammation and effusion
Abrupt onset
Fever
Anorexia
Hearing loss
Dizziness
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Pain
TM is erythemtous, bulging, cloudy, and may have limited or absent movement |
|
|
Term
| Otitis media with effusion |
|
Definition
Inflammation of the middle ear dur to collection of serous, mucoid, pr purule t fluid
TM ks retracted or bulging, impaired mobility, yellowish, air fluid levels and or bubbles
Cracking sound on yawning or swallowing
Discomfort feeling of fullness |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion. |
|
Definition
Acute begins abruptly and is associated with fever, diziness vomiting and other symptoms.
The TM is erythematous and cloudy.
Otitis media with effusion causes discomfort and a feeling of fullness along with a cracking sound on yawning. The TM is uellow and may have airfilled bubbles behind it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Swimmers ear.
Infection of the auditory canal resulting from trauma or a moist environment that favors bacterial and fungal growth
The pain worsens with pinna movement or chewing |
|
|
Term
| If a 1 year old patient presents with post auricular pain, fever, and a downwardly displaced pinna, reddened and swollen mastoid, with fluctuance what might you suspect? What do you worry about it becoming and what would thos symptoms include? |
|
Definition
Mastoiditis
If not treated could become meningitis.
Sx of meningitis include a ogh fever, stiff neck, or severe HA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benign cystlike tumor in the eardrum or middle ear
Leads to progressive hesring loss, fullness in the ear and vertigo. If it is not treated it can errode the temporal bone, resulting permanent hearing loss, epidural abscess, or meningitis. |
|
|
Term
| Otosclerosis? What age range is this common in. |
|
Definition
Hereditary condition. Hardening of the ossicles.
Common in women 15-45 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the labyrinths. Causes vertigo, tinutitis, nystagmus, nausea and anxiety |
|
|
Term
| What causes meniere disease? What symptoms does it cause? |
|
Definition
Caused by a change of fluid volume in the labyrinth.
Causes sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus |
|
|
Term
| Nasal polyps are associated with what conditions? |
|
Definition
| Recurrent sinusitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis |
|
|
Term
| When do deciduous teeth develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do p,anent teeth develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the various salivary glands drain? |
|
Definition
Parotid near the 2 nd molar
Submandibular under the tongue
Sublingual along the subligual folds |
|
|
Term
| What through or mouth conditns are common in pregnant women? |
|
Definition
| Hoarseness. Cough, and vocal changes. |
|
|
Term
| Hwat changes are likely to occur in the nose and mouth of elderly individuals? |
|
Definition
Xerostoma- dry mouth
Loss sensitivity to taste and smell
Difficulty swallowing
Gingiva less elastic and more vulnerable to trauma |
|
|
Term
| What conditions may cause exudative pahryngitis or tonsillitis? |
|
Definition
Strep
Mononucleosis
Adenovirus |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms is a peritonsillar absess likely to cause? |
|
Definition
Dyspahgia
Drooling
Severe sore throat
Fever
Deviated urual
Lymphadenopathy |
|
|
Term
| Describe torus palatine. Is this an abnormal condition |
|
Definition
| Torus palatines is a normal variant of a bony orotuberance in the midline of the hard palate. |
|
|
Term
| What might oral cancer look like? Will it be painful. |
|
Definition
Lesion that may be erythematous
White
Pigments
Not initally painful but can become painful |
|
|
Term
| What is benign keratosis? How is it handled? |
|
Definition
| A lesion that must be biopsied to rule out malignancy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beign white intersecting lines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Premalignant chronic irritation that may be caused by tobacco irritation |
|
|
Term
| T or F. Nacin or a vitamin B12 deficiency may cause a smooth glossy tongue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What problems may cleft lip or palate cause? |
|
Definition
Chronic otitis media
Hearing loss
Speech difficulties
Improper tooth development
Difficulty feeding |
|
|
Term
| When inspecting under the tongue what should you look for? |
|
Definition
Stones
Lesions
Varicose veins
Abnormal color |
|
|
